anatomy

The Tongue

Tongue
Mass of striated muscles covered with the mucous membraneDivided into right and left halves by a median septumThree parts:Oral (anterior ⅔)Pharyngeal (posterior ⅓)Root (base)Two surfaces:Dorsal Ventral

Dorsal Surface

Divided into anterior two third and posterior one third by a V-shaped sulcus terminalis. The apex of the sulcus faces backward and is marked by a pit called the foramen cecum Foramen cecum, an embryological remnant, marks the site of the upper end of the thyroglossal duct


Dorsal Surface cont’d Anterior two third: mucosa is rough, shows three types of papillae: Filliform Fungiform Vallate Posterior one third: No papillae but shows nodular surface because of underlying lymphatic nodules, the lingual tonsils

Ventral Surface

Smooth (no papillae) In the midline anteriorly, a mucosal fold, frenulum connects the tongue with the floor of the mouth Lateral to frenulum, deep lingual vein can be seen through the mucosa Lateral to lingual vein, a fold of mucosa forms the plica fimbriata

Muscles

The tongue is composed of two types of muscles: Intrinsic Extrinsic

Intrinsic Muscles

Confined to tongue No bony attachment Consist of: Longitudinal fibers Transverse fibers Vertical fibers Function: Alter the shape of the tongue

Extrinsic Muscles

Connect the tongue to the surrounding structures: the soft palate and the bones (mandible, hyoid bone, styloid process) Include: Palatoglossus Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Function: Help in movements of the tongue

Movements

Protrusion: Genioglossus on both sides acting together Retraction: Styloglossus and hyoglossus on both sides acting together Depression: Hyoglossus and genioglossus on both sides acting together Elevation: Styloglossus and palatoglossus on both sides acting together

Sensory Nerve Supply

Anterior ⅔:General sensations: Lingual nerveSpecial sensations : chorda tympaniPosterior ⅓: General & special sensations: glossopharyngeal nerveBase:General & special sensations: internal laryngeal nerve

Motor Nerve Supply

Intrinsic muscles: Hypoglossal nerve Extrinsic muscles: All supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, except the palatoglossus The palatoglossus supplied by the pharyngeal plexus

Blood Supply

Arteries: Lingual artery Tonsillar branch of facial artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Veins: Lingual vein, ultimately drains into the internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal nerve
Lingual artery & vein
Deep lingual vein
Dorsal lingual artery & vein

Lymphatic Drainage

Tip: Submental nodes bilaterally & then deep cervical nodes Anterior two third: Submandibular unilaterally & then deep cervical nodes Posterior third: Deep cervical nodes (jugulodigastric mainly)

Functions

The tonge is the most important articulator for speech production. During speech, the tongue can make amazing range of movements The primary function of the tongue is to provide a mechanism for taste. Taste buds are located on different areas of the tongue, but are generally found around the edges. They are sensitive to four main tastes: Bitter, Sour, Salty & Sweet

The tongue is needed for s, chewing, swallowing, eating, drinking, , sweeping the mouth for food debris and other particles and for making funny faces (poking the tongue out, waggling it) Trumpeters and horn & flute players have very well developed tongue muscles, and are able to perform rapid, controlled movements or articulations

Clinical Notes

Lacerations of the tongue Tongue-Tie (ankyloglossia) (due to large frenulum) Lesion of the hypoglossal nerve The protruded tongue deviates toward the side of the lesion Tongue is atrophied & wrinkled

‘If there is goodness in your heart, it will come to your tongue’.