Motivation

MOTIVATIONPROFESSOR MAHA S YOUNIS

Definition Of motivationMotivation isQualities Of MotivationProcess of motivationSix c’s of motivationBasic model of motivationTheory of motivationCase study

Definition of motivation:

* The driving force within individuals by which they attempt to achieve some goal in order to fulfill some needs or expectation. * The degree to which an individual wants to choose in certain behavior.


Motivation is… Complex Psychological Physical Unique to each and every person Context sensitive Not fully understood

Qualities of Motivation:

Energizes behavior Directs behavior Enable persistence towards a goal Exists in varying details

MOTIVATION AS A PROCESS:

It is a process by which a person’s efforts are energized, directed and sustained towards attaining the goal.*Energy- A measure of intensity or drive.*Direction- Towards organizational goal.*Persistence- Exerting effort to achieve goal DIRECTION
PERSISTENCE
ENERGY

Six C’s of Motivation.. Choices

collaboration
Constructing meaning
Consequences
Control
Challenges

BASIC MODEL OF MOTIVATION

Needs or expectations
Result in
Drive force (Behavior or Action)
To Achieve
Desired Goals
Which Provides
fulfillments
Feedback

Early Theories of Motivation:

Content Theories:Emphasis on what motivates individuals.Maslow’s need HierarchyMacgregor's Theories X & YHerzberg’s two factors theory


Process Theories of Motivation: Emphasis on actual process of motivation.

Three needs Theory ( McClelland) Goal-setting Theory Reinforcement Theory Designing Motivating theory Equity Theory Expectancy Theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory Needs were categories as five levels of lower-higher-order needs. *Individual must satisfy lower-level needs before they can satisfy higher order needs. *Satisfied needs will no longer motivate. *Motivating a person depends on knowing at what level that a person is on the hierarchy.

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

*Lover order ( External ) : Physiological and safety needs *Higher order ( Internal ) : Social, Esteem, and Self-actualization
Physiological needs
Safety Needs
Social Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs


McGregor’s Theory X and Y Theory X Assume that workers have little ambition, dislike work, avoid responsibility, and require close supervision. Theory Y Assumes that workers can exercise self-direction, desire, responsibility, and like to work. Assumption Motivation is maximized by participative decision making, interesting jobs, and good group relation.

Motivational Theories X & Y

Physiological
Safety & Security
Esteem
SA
Theory Y - a set of assumptions of how to manage individuals motivated by higher order needs
Social
Theory X - a set of assumptions of how to manage individuals motivated by lower order needs



McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Achievement Need for Achievement The desire to excel and succeed


McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Power Need for Power –The need to influence the behavior of others.

McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Affiliation Need for Affiliation –The desire for interpersonal relationship

Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are created y different factors. Hygiene factors- Extrinsic ( Environmental ) factors that create job dissatisfaction. Motivation Factors- Intrinsic ( Psychological ) factors that create job satisfaction. Attempted to explain why job satisfaction does not result in increased performance The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction but rather no satisfaction.

Motivation–Hygiene Theory of Motivation Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction

Company policy & administration Supervision Interpersonal relations Working conditions Salary Status Security
Achievement Achievement recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth Salary?
Motivation factors increase job satisfaction

Alderfer’s ERG Theory Physiological

Safety & Security
Love (Social)
Esteem
SA
Existence
Relatedness
Growth

Self-actualization

Motivational Need Theories
Maslow
Alderfer
McClelland
Higher Order Needs
Lower Order Needs
Esteem self interpersonal
Safety & Security interpersonal physical
Need for Achievement
Need for Power
Relatedness
Need for Affiliation
Existence
Growth
Belongingness(social & love)
Physiological

Case Study