اساسيات الطب pdf - عدي دريد عبدالقادر

اساسيات الطب

المحاضره االولى

د.مها

Health

: is the absence of diseases

What are the concept of health? (Changing concept of health).

biomedical concept

|absent of disease , body is a machine and the disease is an

outcome of the breakdown of that machine | .

ecological concept

, dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment.

psychosocial concept

, advances in social science showed that health is not only a

biomedical phenomenon but one is influenced by social, psychological,
cultural,economic and political factors of the people concerned so health is both a
biological and social phenomenon.

holistic concept

, recognizes the strength of social, economic, political and

environment influences on health .

*Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely
an absence of disease or infirmity

. (1948)

The ability to lead a socially and economically productive life.

(1984)

What are the

spectrum of health?

1- Positive life

2- better health

3- freedom from sickness

4- unrecognized sickness

5- mild sickness

6- severe sickness

7- death

Determinants of health

Concept of disease

Disease process is

1- illness : is a subject state of a person who feels aware of not being well
with evident sign and symptoms.

2- sickness : is a state of social dysfunction.

3- disease : is maladjustment (physiological) of the human being to
environment.

Natural history of disease refers to the progress of a disease process in an
individual over time, in the absence of intervention.

The process begins with

exposure

to or accumulation of factors capable of

causing disease

Without medical intervention, the process ends with

1- recovery

2- Disability.

3- death.

Concept of prevention

: is always better cure, as per the natural of history

disease epidemiology has derived to 4 levels of prevention disease .

1- primordial prevention :

prevention of the emergence or development

of risk factors and for chronic disease

For example many health

adult health problems (e.g., obesity, hypertension)

have their early origins in childhood, because this is the time when lifestyles are
formed (smoking, eating patterns, physical exercise).

Efforts are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful
lifestyles .

The main intervention is through individual and mass education.

2- primary prevention

Measures of prevention undertaken during the phase

of pre-pathogenesis (phase of susceptibility)

Involves two sub-steps: A- Health promotion and B- specific protection

A- Health Promotion : Steps undertaken to improve the level of general
health and well being so that conditions for initiation of disease process
are prevented.

These steps are not specific for any disease or a group of diseases.

It includes

1- improvement in the overall socio-economic status of the population,

2- health education

3- feeding programmes for mothers and children,

4- promotion of breast feeding,

5- promotion of small family norms,

6- education

7- motivation for healthy lifestyle.

B-

Specific Protection :

include measures to prevent the initiation of specific diseases or a group of
diseases.

For Examples

Immunization to protect against specific diseases

Fortification of foods with specific nutrients (as salt with iodine)

Use of condoms to protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Use of helmets to protect against head injuries

3- secondary prevention

These include all actions undertaken at the stage of early pathogenesis
(asymptomatic disease) with a view to halt the progress of disease at it’s
earliest, incipient stage, by “early diagnosis and prompt treatment”.

classical example is “screening for disease” for breast cancer (using
mammography) and cervical cancer (using pap smear).

medical examinations of school children, of industrial workers and various
disease screening camps.

4- Tertiary prevention :

These include all measures undertaken when the disease has become
clinically manifest or advanced, with a view to prevent or delay death,
reduce or limit the impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering and to
promote the subject’s adjustment to irremediable conditions.

Tertiary prevention has two types of approaches :

1- disability limitation : These include all measures to prevent the
occurrence of further complications, impairments, disabilities and
handicaps or even death

2- rehabilitation (being well ) :

stands for the combined and coordinated

usage of all the available medical, social, educational and vocational measures,
for training the person to the highest level of functional ability.

The sequence with which a disease turns into a handicap is as follows :

Disease : This is a pathological process and it’s manifestations which
indicate a departure from the state of perfect health.

Impairment : This is the actual loss or damage of a part of body anatomy
or an aberration of the physiological functions that occurs consequent to
a disease.

Disability : This is defined as the inability to carry out certain functions or
activities which are otherwise expected for that age / sex, as a result of
the impairment.

Handicap : This is the final disadvantage in life which occurs consequent
to an impairment or disability, which limits the fulfillment of the role a
person is required to play in life.

Lecture 2 , health service philosophy

The purpose of health care services is to improve the health status of the
population. So these services should be

1- Comprehensive: include all care

2- Accessible : physical, economical, social and cultural

3- Acceptable : to all

5. Community participation

6. Appropriate; relevance to essential human needs , priorities and
policies.

7.Adequate; proportionate to requirements.

8. Available; present at any time

9. Affordable : at a cost the community and country can afford.

10. Feasible

Health care system represented by the following sectors:

1- Public health sector: primary health centers, hospitals

2- Private sector: hospitals, clinics, nursing homes.

3- Voluntary health agencies.

4- National health programmes.

Level of health care

1- primary

2- secondary

3- tertiary

For more information plz go to page 2

Health team : patient care almost always requires team work

Type of health work

1- community health team

2- hospital teams

The team must have a leader who should be able to

1- evaluate the team adequately

2-knows the motivation of each member

Health care system in Iraq

Iraq had developed a centralized free health care system in the 1970s

curative care

intensive model of

using a hospital based, capital

Iraq developed

a Westernized system

of sophisticated hospitals with

advanced medical procedures during the last years, provided by specialist
physicians (public sector).

Health care system in Iraq are managed by Ministry of Health. In 2008, it
was reported that 1,989 PHC centers giving services to all Iraqi
population.

Lecture 4 | pollution

What are the type of pollution

1- air pollution

2- water pollution

3- noise pollution

4- land pollution

Natural air pollution can include

1- smoke from wild

2- methane released from live stock

3- Volcanic reuptions

Air pollution affect the respiratory tract resulting In

1- immediate effect , acute bronchitis, dyspnea, suffocation and death.

2- delayed effect, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, asthma, emphysema
and respiratory allergy .

Water pollution can be categorized into 2 groups

1- point sources like

Waste products from factories

Sewage system

Power plants

Underground coalmines

Oil wells

2- non-point sources such as

Rain or snow when it move through the ground and picks up pollutants
towards a major body water .

The run of fertilizers from anamals and crop land

Air pollutants getting washed or deposited to earth

Storm water

Effect the water on health

Water born disease such as , diarrhea , cholera , typhoid fever, malaria ,
trachoma ..

Lecture 5, herbal medicine

conventional medicine

in place of

Alternative medicine: used

using special diet to treat cancer instead of chemotherapy, surgery, etc...

conventional medicine

together with

used

Complementary medicine:

using aroma therapy to relieve discomfort following surgery

Alternative medicine

Nutritional therapies

Supplementation

Relaxation therapies

Exercise

Manipulative therapies

Aromatherapy

Homeopathy

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Herbal Medicine

Origin of herbal medicine:

Primitive men and women treated illnesses using plants, animal parts, and minerals not
part of a common diet, Physical evidence goes back 60,000 years to the burial site of a
Neanderthal man who was buried with 8 species of plants

Powerful ingredients.

Only 15%

of estimated plant species on earth have been investigated for possible Medicinal

uses.

The world Health organization estimates that 80% of the earth population today depends on
plants to treat common ailments.

Herbal medicine :

Plant derived medicines at pharmacological doses where effects

can be measured Symptom based approach to diagnosis

Most common form of alternative medicine.

How do herbs and drugs differ?

Potency

Side effects

Cost

Target

How are herbs and drugs alike

Therapeutic chemicals

Discovery

Administration

Research/testing

Side effects/toxicity

Phytochemicals :

No magic, diets high in fruits, grains, legumes reduce the risk of a

number of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure.

Phytochemicals are the biologically active substances in plants that are
responsible for giving them color, flavor and natural disease resistance.

Classes of phytochemicals

Phenols

Quinones

Flavones, flavanoids

Tannins

Coumarins

Terpenoids

Alkaloids

Polypeptides

How to chose an herbal remedy

Drug interactions

Types of herbs

Specifics

Tonics

The “anti’s

”

Adaptogens: sedative

Bitters ,| Carminatives: release gases,| DEMULCENTS,AND | XPECTORANTS ..

METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION:

Capsules

Fresh vs. dry

Teas, infusions, decoctions

Tinctures, glycerides

Infused oils

Essential oils

Sprays

Tablets

Standardized extracts

Simple or formula

It is necessary for pharmacists to know about basic principles of traditional
medicine for

two reasons

1- To be in a position to advise patients who may wish to consult an
alternative practitioner.

2- Traditional use is a common starting point in the ongoing search for new
drugs.

The Diseases in Traditional Systems are Classified into

I- Minor or Self-Limiting Disorders LIKE aches and pain, flatulence, diarrhea.

II- Chronic or Serious Disorders LIKE cancer and some genetic disease .

Traditional Medicine (TM), usually means a lack of specific dose, it is more

THE DOSE

How much

to take the remedy rather than

How

concerned with

ملزمه رقم: هظحلام

ما

.لخصتهم

محاضره

د. هيثم

Medical terminology

Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latin

Word Parts - Building Blocks of medical term

Medical terms are built from word parts with some or all of the following components:

1. Word roots

2. Suffixes

3. Prefixes

4. Combining vowels

5.comining forms

How to Define Medical Terms

Terms can easily be defined by determining the meaning of their parts.

Read left to right, but define by interpreting the suffix, then the prefix, then the combining form.

e.g. Define heminephrectomy?

prefix Root suffix

hemi- neph -ectomy

(Half) (Kidney) (Removal)

Then heminephrectomy means Remove half of kidney

Word root

The word root is the central and foundation of the medical term Usually indicates the part of
the body involved All medical terms must have one or more word roots

You have to know this part

Gastr- = stomach

Gardi - = heart

Arth - = joint

Ophthal- = eye

Nephr- = kidney

combining vowel

Usually an ‘o’ and occasionally an ‘I’

Has no meaning of its own

Makes pronunciation easier

Can be found between word roots

Can be found between word roots and a suffix

When a vowel is added to a root word, it is called a combining form

Examples of combining form according to systems

1- Combining form for Body Systems Cardiovascular

 angi/o

vessel

 aorto/o

aorta

 arteri/o

artery

 cardi/o

heart

 coron/o

heart

 phleb/o

vein

 ven/o vein

2- Combining form for Body Systems Digestive

 an/o

anus

 append/o

appendix

 cholecyst/o gallbladder

 col/o

colon

 duoden/o

duodenum

 esophag/o

esophagus

 gastr/o

stomach

 hepat/o

liver

 ile/o

ileum

 jejun/o

jejunum

 or/o

mouth

 pancreat/o

pancreas

 pharyng/o

pharynx

 proct/o

aus and rectum

 rect/o

rectum

 sigmoid/o

sigmoid

 stomat/o

mouth

3- Combining form for Body Systems Endocrine

 adren/o

adrenal

 hypophys/o pituitary

 oophor/o

ovary

 ovari/o

ovarian

 orchi/o

testis

 pancreat/o

pancreas

 parathyroid/o parathyroid

 pituitar/o

pituitary

 thym/o

thymus

 thyroid/o

thyroid

4- Combining form for Body Systems Reproductive

 cervic/o

cervix

 vagin/o

vagina

 hyster/o

uterus

 mamm/o

breast

 uter/o uterine

 oophor/o

ovary

 salping/o fallopian tube

 balan/o

penis

 orch/o

testis

 prostat/o

prostate

 scrot/o scrotum

5- Combining form for Body Systems Skeletal

 arthr/o

joint

 chondr/o

cartilage

 cost/o

rib

 crani/o

skull

 ligament/o

ligament

 my/o

muscle

 muscul/o

muscle

 myel/o bone marrow

 oste/o

bone

 pelv/o

pelvis

 vertebr/o

vertebra

6- Combining form for Body Systems Respiratory

 alveol/o

alveolar

 bronch/o

bronchial tube

 cyan/o

blue

 laryng/o

larynx

 nas/o

nose

 rhin/o

nose

 pharyng/o

pharynx

 phren/o

diaphragm

 pneumon/o

lung

 tonsill/o

tonsils

 trache/o

trachea

7- Combining form for Body Systems Urinary

 cyst/o

urinary bladder

 nephr/o

kidney

 ren/o

renal

 pyl/o

renal pelvis

 ureter/o

ureter

 urethr/o

urethra

8- Combining form for Body Systems Nervous

 cerebell/o

cerebellum

 cerebr/o

cerebrum

 encephal/o

brain

 medull/o

medulla

 myel/o spinal cord

 neur/o

nerve

9- Combining form for Body Systems Miscellaneous

 aur/o

ear

 ot/o

ear

 cutane/o

skin

 derm/o

skin

 myring/o eardrum

 ocul/o

eye

 onych/o

nail

 ophthalm/o

eye

 pil/o

hair

 retin/o retina

 trich/o

hair

 ungu/o

nail

Prefixes

Syllable located at the beginning of a word Changes the meaning of the word Usually
indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, size etc. or sense of negation

Numerical prefixes

Color prefixes

Suffixes

Suffix is the word part attached to the end of the word root to modify its meaning.

The suffix usually indicates the surgical procedure, diagnosis & pathology.

All medical terms must have a suffix.

Surgical suffixes

If singular form of term end in, the plural is usually formed by changing to

Suffixes

Suffix – Noun

Suffixes – Adjective

Numerical prefixes

= quadrant

Semi , hemi

0 = nulli ,

1= mono , uni , prim

2= bi , di

3= tri , ter

4= tetra , quadni

5= Penta , quinque

6= hexa , sexa

7= hepta

8= octa

9= nona

10= deca

ODAY ABDULQADER , GOOD LUCK

