Mitosis

First stage

Biology
Lec 4
28/12/2015

د. بثينة

Mitosis
Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells during prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
InterInterphase:
Cells may appear inactive during this stage, but they are quite the opposite. This is the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates, the centrioles divide, and proteins are actively produced. For a complete description of the events during Interphase, read about the HYPERLINK "http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm" Cell Cycle.

Prophase:

hromosomes become more coiled and can be viewed under a light microscope. Each duplicated chromosome is seen as a pair of sister chromatids joined by the duplicated but unseparated centromere. The nucleolus disappears during prophase.In the cytoplasm, the mitotic spindle, consisting of microtubules and other proteins, forms between the two pairs of centrioles as they migrate to opposite poles of the cell.The nuclear envelope disappears at the end of prophase. This signals the beginning of the substage called prometaphase.

Prometaphase

In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a recognizable nucleus. Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to kinetochores, protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are joined. Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes, overlap each other at the cell center.
Metaphase: Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the center of the cell.
Metaphase
Prometaphase

Anaphase:

Spindle fibers shorten, the kinetochores separate Anaphase begins when the duplicated centromeres of each pair of sister chromatids separate, and the now-daughter chromosomes begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell due to the action of the spindle.
At the end of anaphase, a complete set of chromosomes has assembled at each pole of the cell.
Anaphase

Telophase:

Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new membranes form around the daughter nuclei. The chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope. The spindle fibers disperse, and cytokinesis or the partitioning of the cell may also begin during this stage.

Cytokinesis:

In animal cells, cytokinesis results when a fiber ring composed of a protein called actin around the center of the cell contracts pinching the cell into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus. In plant cells, the rigid wall requires that a cell plate be synthesized between the two daughter cells.