كروب A

Ophthalmology

For assessment of visual acuity

Direct ophthalmoscop:to examine fundus

Indirect ophthalomscope: to examine fundus
Condensed lens:it is used with the slit lamp to examine fundus
Goldman 3 mirrors contact lens: it is used with the slit lamp to examine fundus

Dx :cataract+dilated pupil

Causes of cataract:1-age(commonest) 2-congenital 3-drugs like steriod 4-radiation 5-trauma
Causes of dilated pupil:1-drugs 2-trauma 3- optic nerve damage 4- 3 nerve damage
Tx : surgery is the only tx for cataract
Assessment of patient:1-VA 2-light perception 3-pupillary reflex 4-color test through slit lamp 5- US to get idea about vitreous chamber and retian

F.B. in the inner surface of upper lid

Flourescein stain showing ulcer in the retina(geographical ulcer)

Causes:1-steroids 2-chemical substances 3-bacterial infections 4-F.B. 5-trauma 6-contact lens users
Tx : according to the cause

Hypopium (pus in the anterior chamber) with cloudy cornea +red eye

Causes of hypopium: 1-keratitis 2-iritis

Dx : subconjunctival hemorrhage+hyphema(blood in the anterior chamber)+dilated pupil

Possible cause: trauma
Next step in assessment: assess IOP
Tx :1-bed rest with head elevated 2-anti-glucoma drugs if increased IOP
3-drainage of bllod if high amount

Fluorescein stain showing corneal ulceration

Same causes of any ulcers

B scan sonography showing the vitreous cavity

Dx : peripheral laser iriditomy(YAG laser)

Ix : closure angle glucoma

Dx :Posterior capsule opacification

Tx :YAG laser capsulotomy





Occlusion of the lower temporal branch of CRV marked by hemorrhage and multiple dots of ischemia in the lower temporal zone of retina

CRVO

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

هنا بعد استخدام الليز (المناطق السوداء ليزر قديم والمناطق البيضاء ليزر جديد)

RETINAL DETACHMENT

Non Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Occulosion of Lower temporal and lower nasal branches of CRA marked by complete ischemia