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Microbiology 

 

Notes… 

Bacteriology Lecture.3 

Microbial Growth 

  Microbial growth = increase in number of cells, not cell size 

The Requirements for Growth: Physical Requirements 

  Temperature 

✓  Minimum growth temperature 

✓  Optimum growth temperature 

✓  Maximum growth temperature 

 

Psychrotrophs 

  Grow between 0°C and 20-30°C 

  Cause food spoilage 

  pH 

✓  Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and 7.5 

✓  Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 and 6 

✓  Acidophiles grow in acidic environments 

  Osmotic Pressure 

✓  Hypertonic environments, increase salt or sugar, cause plasmolysis 

✓  Extreme or obligate halophiles require high osmotic pressure 

✓  Facultative halophiles tolerate high osmotic pressure  

 

 
 

 

 

 

N

eed S

om

e H

el

p?

 


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Microbiology 

 

Notes… 

 

The Requirements for Growth: Chemical Requirements

 

  Carbon 

✓  Structural organic molecules, energy source 

✓  Chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources 

✓  Autotrophs use CO2 

  Nitrogen 

✓  In amino acids, proteins 

✓  Most bacteria decompose proteins 

✓  Some bacteria use NH4+ or NO3

− 

✓  A few bacteria use N2 in nitrogen fixation 

  Sulfur 

✓  In amino acids, thiamine, biotin 

✓  Most bacteria decompose proteins 

✓  Some bacteria use SO42

− or H2S 

  Phosphorus  

✓  In DNA, RNA, ATP, and membranes 

✓  PO43

− is a source of phosphorus 

  Trace Elements 

✓  Inorganic elements required in small amounts 

✓  Usually as enzyme cofactors 

  Oxygen (O2) 


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Microbiology 

 

Notes… 

 

Toxic Forms of Oxygen 

✓  Singlet oxygen: O

2

 boosted to a higher-energy state 

✓  Superoxide free radicals: O

2

 

 

✓  Peroxide anion: O

2

2

 

 

✓  Hydroxyl radical (OH

•) 

  Organic Growth Factors 

✓  Organic compounds obtained from the environment 

✓  Vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines 

Culture Media 

  Culture Medium: Nutrients prepared for microbial growth 

  Sterile: No living microbes 

  Inoculum: Introduction of microbes into medium 

  Culture: Microbes growing in/on culture medium 

Agar 

  Complex polysaccharide  

  Used as solidifying agent for culture media in Petri plates, slants, and deeps 

  Generally not metabolized by microbes 

  Liquefies at 100°C 

  Solidifies ~40°C 

Culture Media 

  Chemically Defined Media: Exact chemical composition is known 

  Complex  Media: Extracts  and  digests of  yeasts,  meat, or plants:  Nutrient broth, 

Nutrient agar 


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Microbiology 

 

Notes… 

Anaerobic Culture Methods 

  Reducing media 

✓  Contain chemicals (thioglycollate or oxyrase) that combine O

2

 

✓  Heated to drive off O

2

 

  Anaerobic jar 

 

  Anaerobic chamber 

 

  Capnophiles require high CO2 

Candle jar                                          CO

2

-packet 

 


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Microbiology 

 

Notes… 

Selective Media 

  Suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes. 

 

Differential Media 

  Make it easy to distinguish colonies of different microbes. 

 

  A pure culture contains only one species or strain 

  A colony is a population of cells arising from a single cell or spore or from a group 

of attached cells 

  A colony is often called a colony-forming unit (CFU) 

Streak Plate 

 

Preserving Bacteria Cultures 

  Deep-freezing: -50°to -95°C 

  Lyophilization (freeze-drying): Frozen (-54° to -72°C) and dehydrated in a vacuum 

Reproduction in Prokaryotes 

  Binary fission 

  Budding 

  Conidiospores (actinomycetes) 

  Fragmentation of filaments 


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Microbiology 

 

Notes… 

Binary Fission 

 

 

 
 
 
 


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Microbiology 

 

Notes… 

Direct Measurements of Microbial Growth 

  Plate Counts: Perform serial dilutions of a sample 

 

  Inoculate Petri plates from serial dilutions 

 

  After incubation, count colonies on plates that have 25-250 colonies (CFUs) 

 


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Microbiology 

 

Notes… 

Direct Measurements of Microbial Growth 

  Direct Microscopic Count 

 

 

Estimating Bacterial Numbers by Indirect Methods 

  Turbidity 

 




رفعت المحاضرة من قبل: Yahia Ziead
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