Personality

Personality :- Other theories of personality

1-Trait approach : (Placing Labels on Personality)
●Traits :- are constant personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situation,
●Each person has certain traits, but that degree to which.
●A special trait applied to specific person can be quantified :
●Specific primary trait necessary to describe personality.
Allport's trait theory :- 3 fundamental traits
1-Cardinal trait :- is single characteristic that direct most person's activities for example
-Intensity power-hunger person may be driven by all-consuming need for control.
-However most people do not develop single cardinal trait .
-Instead, they possess (central trait)
Honesty
Honesty
2-Cetral trait that make-up the core of personality.

Sociability

Sociability
●characters of central trait


Love of modern art
Love of modern art
3-Secondary trait :- are characteristic that affect behavior in fewer situation and are less influential than central.

Examples

Someone reluctant to eat meat
Someone reluctant to eat meat

Cattel And Eysenk : Factoring personality

●Factor analysis:- is statistical method of identifying association among large number of variables to reveal more general pattern for example (personality researcher might administer questionnaire to many participant), asking them to describe themselves by referring to extensive list of traits statistically combining responses and computing which trait associated with each other in same person researcher can identify the most fundamental pattern or combination of trait called factor that underlie participant, response using (factor analysis).
Raymond Cattel (16 factor analysis)
Measure that provide scores for each of source trait.
Hans Eysenck (1995)
-Also use factor analysis to identify trait.
-3 dimension trait of personality.
1-Extraversion :- (sociability)
2-Neuroticism :- (emotion instability).
3-Psychoticism :- (degree to which reality is distorted).
Extraversion
●Sociable
●Lively
●Active
●Assertive
●Sensation seeking


Extraversion
●Sociable
●Lively
●Active
●Assertive
●Sensation seeking

Psychoticism

●Aggressive
●Cold
●Ego centric
●Impersonal
●Impulsive

Psychoticism

●Aggressive
●Cold
●Ego centric
●Impersonal
●Impulsive


Neuroticism
●Anxious
●Depressed
●Guilt feeling
●Low self esteem
●Tens

Neuroticism

●Anxious
●Depressed
●Guilt feeling
●Low self esteem
●Tens

Example of traits

The Big Five Personality Factors And Dimensions Of Sample Traits :-
1-Openness to experience
- independent -conforming
2-Conscientiousness
-Carful-carless
-Discipline-impulsive
-Organize-Disorganize
3-Extraversion
-Talkative-Quiet
-Fun-loving-Sober
-Sociable-Retiring
4-Agreeableness
-Sympathetic-Fault-Finding
-Kind-Cold.
-Appreciative-unfriendly
5-Neuroticism (Emotional unstable)
-Stable-Tense
-Calm-Anxious
-Secure-insecure
Learning Approaches Of Personality :-
●Focus on "outer" personality.
●Personality is simply the (Sum of learned response to a confined to learning theorist)
1-Skinner Behaviorist Approach :- (Operant Conditioning)
●Personality is a collection of learned behavior pattern.
●Pattern of reinforcement that have been received in such a situation in the past.
●Skinner view is interest in (modifying behavior their view are that human are infinitely changeable through learning new behavior pattern according to type of reinforcement.
2-Social Cognitive Approaches Personality :- (Albert Bandura)
-It emphasize the influence of
●Cognition – thoughts, feeling, expectation and values.
●As well as (observation of other's behavior on personality according to Albert Bandura who propose observational learning (viewing action of others and observing consequences).
-Self-Efficacy
●Bandura place special emphasis on the role of Self-efficacy underlie people's faith in their ability to carry out a specific task or produce desired-outcome.
●People with high efficacy have higher aspiration and greater persistent in working to attain goal and ultimately achieve greater success than those with lower Self-efficacy (Bandura).


Greater persistence in work to attain goal
Greater persistence in work to attain goal
High aspiration
High aspiration
●People with high efficacy have
Achieve great success
Achieve great success

Than do those with lower self-efficacy

Than do those with lower self-efficacy

How to develop self-efficacy?

1-Paiying close attention to our prior success failure
2-If we try small success we will try it again.
3-Reinforcment and encouragement from other also play a role.
4-Focus on reciprocity between individual and their environment assume to affect (personality)
5-Personality are also assumed to "feedback" and modify the environment
Self Esteem :-
●Component of our personality that consist positive and negative our Self-evaluation.
●Unlike self-efficacy which focus on our view whether we are able to carry out the task.
-Self-esteem is not unidimensional , we may see ourselves in on domain, but negatively in other.
e.g. (good student have high score in academy, but low score in sport)
-Self-esteem has strong cultural bond for example (sense of success from close bond with other people).
3-Biological and Evolutionary Approach : Are We Born With Personality?
-Component of personality are inherited.
-Research argue that personality determined at least by our genes.
-The personality trait that lead to reproduce success of our ancestors are more likely to be preserved and passed to subsequent generation.
-Twin study revealed
●M.Z twin has higher trait similar by Minnisota test in comparism with
●D.Z twin.
●Certain trait has high genetic loading for example (social potency) and (traditionalism).


Temperament :-
*Root of adult personality emerge in the earliest period of life.
*Infant born with specific temperament.
*Temperament consist many dimension :-
●General activity.
●Mood (quite, active) other are calm.
●Easy going other irritable (easy upset).
*Temperament is quite consistent, with significant stability from infancy to adolescent.
*People with (longer dopamine-4 receptor gene) are more like to-thrill seeker
-Extroverted
-Impulsive
-Quick-Tempered
-Search for excitement and
-Novel situation.
So, finally personality developed due to interaction of poly-genic with environment.
3-Humanistic theory :-
The Uniqueness of you
*People inherit goodness to move toward higher level of functioning.
*Self-Motivated abilities to change and improve along with people's unique creative impulses that humanistic theory are make-up the core of personality.
Rogers And The Need For Self-Actu-Alization
Roger's at (1971) and Abraham Maslow
Are the big founders of humanistic theory (Roger's proposed).
●People have fundamental need for (self-actualization) which a state of self-fulfillment in which
●people realized (highest potential).
●people reflected the positive regard (desired to beloved)
●we start to see ourselves by the eye and judge of other people.
●conflict between people's experience and their concept. discrepancies are minor but if discrepancies is major they will lead to psychological disturbance.