Non Infectious Diseases

Non infectious disease

No communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviors factors.
The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

Risk factors

Modifiable behavioral risk factors
Modifiable behaviors, such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of alcohol, all increase the risk of NCDs.
• Tobacco accounts for over 7.2 million deaths every year (including from the effects of exposure to second-hand smoke), and is projected to increase markedly over the coming years.
• 4.1 million annual deaths have been attributed to excess salt/sodium intake.
• More than half of the 3.3 million annual deaths attributable to alcohol use are from NCDs, including cancer.
• 1.6 million deaths annually can be attributed to insufficient physical activity.

Metabolic risk factors

Metabolic risk factors contribute to four key metabolic changes that increase the risk of NCDs:
• raised blood pressure
• overweight/obesity
• hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) and
• hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat in the blood).
In terms of attributable deaths, the leading metabolic risk factor globally is elevated blood pressure (to which 19% of global deaths are attributed), followed by overweight and obesity and raised blood glucose.


What are the socioeconomic impacts of NCDs?
Poverty is closely linked with NCDs. The rapid rise in NCDs is predicted to poverty in low-income countries, particularly by increasing household costs associated with health care.
Poverty lead to greater risk of being exposed to harmful products, such as tobacco, or unhealthy dietary practices, and have limited access to health services.
In low-resource settings, health-care costs for NCDs quickly drain household resources. The excessive costs of NCDs, including often lengthy and expensive treatment and loss of workers,

Prevention and control of NCDs

An important way to control NCDs is to focus on reducing the risk factors associated with these diseases. Low-cost solutions exist for governments and other stakeholders to reduce the common modifiable risk factors. Monitoring progress and trends of NCDs and their risk is important for guiding policy and priorities.
To lessen the impact of NCDs on individuals and society, a comprehensive approach is needed requiring all sectors, including health, finance, transport, education, agriculture, planning and others, to collaborate to reduce the risks associated with NCDs, and promote interventions to prevent and control them.
Investing in better management of NCDs is critical. Management of NCDs includes detecting, screening and treating these diseases, and providing access to palliative care for people in need. High impact essential NCD interventions can be delivered through a primary health care approach to strengthen early detection and timely treatment. Evidence shows such interventions are excellent economic investments because, if provided early to patients, they can reduce the need for more expensive treatment.

Differ from infectious diseases by the:

• Non communicable.
• Not have define incubation period. Ex: chicken pox have I.P.(7-21) days while D.M. patient not known when have insulin resistance.
• Multifactorial agents (vague). Ex: herpes z. virus-----chickenpox while D.M. not known agent.
• History if found not predictable (unknown). Ex: chickenpox have central spread with fever while D.M. multiple symptoms present.
• Boundary between disease & no disease is very blurry. Ex: chickenpox---patient have or not have disease while D.M.----patient have obesity, metabolic syndrome, impair fasting glucose but hard to say when point of time patient developed D.M
• Leave disability so need to rehabilitation .
• Slowly progress. Ex: leprosy rapid occur clinical feature rapid occur &cure or death,, while D.M. complications slowly appear in blood vessels, nerves and eyes.
• Non reversible & permanent.



• Types of NCD :
1. Eyes disease.
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2. Cvs disease.
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3. Respiratory disease.
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4. Endocrine disease.
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5. Musclosk. Disease.
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6. Neurology disease.
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7. Cancers.
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8. Accidents.