Impaired urinary flow, hesitancy& dribbling of urine are seen in bladder outflow obstruction eg. BPH. Loin pain and tenderness seen in pyellitis and renal infarction.
3. Severe pain radiated to the iliac fossa and genitalia may result from renal or ureteric obstruction. 4. Dysuria, frequency and urgency are seen in those with lower UTI.
5. Anuria or oliguria seen in ARF or obstructive uropathy. 6. Polyuria &/or nocturia seen in DM, DI, CRF.
7. Hypertension indicate parenchymal or renovascular disease. 8. Haematuria is non localizing symptoms. 9. Uraemia are group of signs and symptoms of advanced renal failure.
1. observation : tiredness, pallor, earthy color, deep rapid respiration (( acidosis )) 2. Brown line (( crescent )) of the nail seen in CRF. 3. Skin examination shows: yellow complexion, bruising, excoriation of pruritus.
4.Blood pressure: often elevated 5. Raised JVP in fluid overload. 6. Fundoscopy may shows : hypertensive changes .
7. lungs exam may shows: crepitation in fluid overload 8. Heart exam: pericarditis or pericardial effusion. 9. abdominal examination: local tenderness, bruits
10. sacral &/or scrotal &/or ankle oedema 11. peripheral neuropathy 12. examination of the genitelea.
A. Macroscopical:
.1. color: *normally from colorless to deep yellow (( urochrome pigment )). *Red or smoky color usually due to presence of RBC /myoglobulin. *Cloudiness mostly due to amorphous phosphate OR pyuria
2. chemical assessment for:
- Protienuria → glomerular disease(( primary or secondary )) - glucose → DM or any reducing substance- Keton → ketoacidosis- Occult blood → blood, hemoglobulin, - PH → should be less than 5.3 in systemic acidosis, failure to achieve it occur in renal tubular acidosis.
B. Microscopical:
.1. Cells: RBC > 2 cells/ H.P.F. →UTI, GN, stoneWBC > 4 cells H.P.F. → pyuria, UTIEosinophil → drug induced interstitial nephritis.2. Casts:
RBC→ GN , vasculitisWBC → Pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritisEpithelial → ATN, GNGranular → Renal parenchymal diseaseWaxy broad → advanced RfHyaline → normally in concentrated urineFatty → heavy protienuria
3. crystals:
Uric acid (( rhomboid )) → Acid urine, uric acid nephropathyCa- oxalate (( envelope- shape )) → acid urine, hyperoxaluriaCa – phosphate → alkaline urineCystine → cystinuria** CULTURE & SENSTIVITY
Sterile pyuria seen in: TB Malignancy Interstitial nephritis** RENAL FUNCTION TESTS:
Blood ureaSerum createninBlood urea/ serum createninGFR = ( 140 – age )Ч body weight Ч 1.2 / serum createnin ( µmol/L.) normally, GFR = ( 95 – 125 )5. PH : failure to acidify urine seen in RTA 6. Specific gravity useful in DI. 7. 24hr urine protein (( normally less than 150 mg/24hr. )). Abnormal finding indicate glomerular disorder and if it > 3.5 gm / 24 hr., it is called Nephrotic range protienuria.
** URINARY TRACT IMAGING:
KUB → radio opaque calculiUltrasonography → renal size, cortical thickness, cyst, mass, hydronephrosisRenal scan → renal blood flow, tubular function4. IVU → size, shape, obstruction, filling defect, S.O. L.5. Retrograde pyelography → ureteral obstruction6. Angiography → renal vasculatures,tumour7. CT – scan 8. MRI
** RENAL BIOPSY:
INDICATIONS: Unexplained ARF CRF with normal size kidneys Nephrotic syndrome in adult Atypical or non responding nephrotic syndrome in childrenCONTRAINDICATIONS:
Bleeding tendency Uncontrolled hypertension Solitary kidney Small size kidneys