ovary

Fifth stage

Gynecology
Lec-5
د. احمد جاسم

6/4/2016

Surface epithelial-stromal tumor

Tumors of Surface Epithelium form 90% of ovarian tumors

Surface epithelial-stromal tumors are a class of ovarian neoplasms that may be benign or malignant. Neoplasms in this group are thought to be derived from the ovarian surface epithelium (modified peritoneum) or from ectopic endometrial or Fallopian tube (tubal) tissue. This group of tumors accounts for the majority of all ovarian tumors. Serum CA-125 is often elevated but is only 50% accurate so it is not a useful tumour marker to assess the progress of treatment.

Classification

Epithelial-stromal tumors are classified on the basis of the epithelial cell type, the relative amounts of epithelium and stroma, the presence of papillary processes, and the location of the epithelial elements. Microscopic pathological features determine whether a surface epithelial-stromal tumor is benign, borderline, or malignant (evidence of malignancy and stromal invasion). Borderline tumors are of uncertain malignant potential.
This group consists of serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and brenner (transitional cell) tumors, though there are a few mixed, undifferentiated and unclassified types.

Serous tumors

These tumors vary in size from small and nearly imperceptible to large, filling the abdominal cavity.
Benign, borderline, and malignant types of serous tumors account for about 30% of all ovarian tumors.
75% are benign or of borderline malignancy, and 25% are malignant
The malignant form of this tumor, serous cystadenocarcinoma, accounts for approximately 40% of all carcinomas of the ovary and are the most common malignant ovarian tumors.


Serous Tumors
Incidence – 30-50% of ovarian neoplasms
Serous cystadenoma:
Age group: 20 – 30 yrs
Bilateral in 15%
Malignant transformation in 20 – 30 %
Serous cystadenocarcinoma:
Age group: 40 – 60 yrs
Bilateral in 30%
5 year survival rate: 30 – 50 %
Features:
Contain fibrous walled cysts with papillary excrescences
Locules contain straw-colored fluid
Psammoma bodies=concentric calcification in papillary process
Usually fine sand-like calcification frequently difficult to see on plain radiographs

Benign and borderline tumors are most common between the ages of 20 and 50 years.

Malignant serous tumors occur later in life on average, although somewhat earlier in familial cases.
20% of benign, 30% of borderline, and 66% of malignant tumors are bilateral (affect both ovaries).
Components can include:
cystic areas
cystic and fibrous areas
predominantly fibrous areas
The chance of malignancy of the tumor increases with the amount of solid areas present, including both papillary structures and any necrotic tissue present.

Pathology
lined by tall, columnar, ciliated epithelial cells
filled with clear serous fluid
the term serous which originated as a description of the cyst fluid has come to be describe the particular type of epithelial cell seen in these tumors
may involve the surface of the ovary
the division between benign, borderline, and malignant is ascertained by assessing:
cellular atypia (whether or not individual cells look abnormal)
invasion of surrounding ovarian stroma (whether or not cells are infiltrating surrounding tissue)
borderline tumors my have cellular atypia but do NOT have evidence of invasion
the presence of psammoma bodies are a characteristic microscopic finding of cystadenocarcinomas.


Prognosis
The prognosis of a serous tumor, like most neoplasms, depends on
degree of differentiation
this is how closely the tumor cells resemble benign cells
a well-differentiated tumor closely resembles benign tumors
a poorly differentiated tumor may not resemble the cell type of origin at all
a moderately differentiated tumor usually resembles the cell type of origin, but appears frankly malignant
extension of tumor to other structures
in particular with serous malignancies, the presence of malignant spread to the peritoneum is important with regard to prognosis.
The five year survival rate of borderline and malignant tumors confined to the ovaries are 100% and 70% respectively. If the peritoneum is involved, these rates become 90% and 25%.
While the 5-year survival rates of borderline tumors are excellent, this should not be seen as evidence of cure, as recurrences can occur many years later.

Mucinous tumors

Mucinous tumors:
Closely resemble their serous counterparts
Somewhat less common, accounting for about 25% of all ovarian neoplasms
Occur principally in middle adult life and are rare before puberty and after menopause
80% are benign or borderline and about 15% are malignant
Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas (the malignant form of this tumor) are relatively uncommon and account for only 10% of all ovarian cancers .

Mucinous Tumors

Incidence – 30% of ovarian neoplasms
Mucinous cyst adenoma
Commonest tumor
Age group: 30-50 yrs
Bilateral in 10%
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Age group: 40-60 yrs
Bilateral in 10 %
Features
Large multilocular pedunculated cyst
Rare complication may occur with involvement of the peritoneum
Psedomyxoma peritonei (jelly belly)
May produce coarse calcifications in primary or metastases
Mucinous tumors are characterized by more cysts of variable size and a rarity of surface involvement as compared to serous tumors
Also in comparison to serous tumors, mucinous tumors are less frequently bilateral, approximately 5% of primary mucinous tumors are bilateral.
May form very large cystic masses, with recorded weights exceeding 25kg
Appear as multiloculated tumors filled with sticky, gelatinous fluid
Pathology
Benign mucinous tumors are characterized by a lining of tall columnar epithelial cells with apical mucin and the absence of cilia, similar in appearance with benign cervical or intestinal epithelia. Cystadenocarcinomas (malignant tumors) contain a more solid growth pattern with the hallmarks of malignancy: cellular atypia and stratification, loss of the normal architecture of the tissue, and necrosis. The appearance can look similar to colonic cancer. Clear stromal invasion is used to differentiate borderline tumors from malignant tumors.


Prognosis
10-year survival rates for borderline tumors contained within the ovary, malignant tumors without invasion, and invasive malignant tumors are greater than 95%, 90%, and 66%, respectively. One rare but noteworthy condition associated with mucinous ovarian neoplasms is pseudomyxoma peritonei. As primary ovarian mucinous tumors are usually unilateral (in one ovary), the presentation of bilateral mucinous tumors requires exclusion of a non-ovarian origin.

Endometrioid tumors

Endometrioid tumors account for approximately 20% of all ovarian cancers and are mostly malignant (endometroid carcinomas). They are made of tubular glands bearing a close resemblance to benign or malignant endometrium. 15-30% of endometrioid carcinomas occur in individuals with carcinoma of the endometrium, and these patients have a better prognosis. They appear similar to other surface epithelial-stromal tumors, with solid and cystic areas. 40% of these tumors are bilateral, when bilateral, metastases is often present.

Endometrial tumors

Incidence – 20% of ovarian tumors
Morphology:
Tumors containing solid and cystic areas
Filled with hemorrhagic fluid
Lined by glandular epithelium

Pathology

Glands bearing a strong resemblance to endometrial-type glands
Benign tumors have mature-appearing glands in a fibrous stroma
Borderline tumors have a complex branching pattern without stromal invasion
Carcinomas (malignant tumors) have invasive glands with crowded, atypical cells, frequent mitoses. With poorer differentiation, the tumor becomes more solid.

Prognosis

Prognosis again is dependent on the spread of the tumor, as well as how differentiated the tumor appears. The overall prognosis is somewhat worse than for serous or mucinous tumors, and the 5-year survival rate for patients with tumors confined to the ovary is approximately 75%.


Clear cell tumors
Clear cell tumors are characterized by large epithelial cells with abundant clear cytoplasm and may be seen in association with endometriosis or endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary, bearing a resemblance to clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. They may be predominantly solid or cystic. If solid, the clear cells tend to be arranged in sheets or tubules. In the cystic variety, the neoplastic cells make up the cyst lining.

Clear Cell (mesonephroid tumor)

Incidence: uncommon
Age group: 50 – 60 yrs
Morphology:
Unilocular cysts with small cystic spaces
Prognosis
These tumors tend to be aggressive, the five year survival rate for tumors confined to the ovaries in approximately 65%. If the tumor has spread beyond the ovary at diagnosis, the prognosis is poor.

Brenner tumor

Brenner tumors are uncommon surface-epithelial stromal cell tumors in which the epithelial cell (which defines these tumors) is a transitional cell. These are similar in appearance to bladder epithelia. The tumors may be very small to very large, and may be solid or cystic. Histologically, the tumor consists of nests of the aforementioned transitional cells within surrounding tissue that resembles normal ovary. Brenner tumors may be benign or malignant, depending on whether the tumor cells invade the surrounding tissue.

Brenner tumor:

Incidence: 1- 2%
Occur commonly in perimenopausal women

Treatment

For advanced cancer of this histology, the US National Cancer Institute recommends a method of chemotherapy that combines intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) administration.Preferred chemotherapeutic agents include a platinum drug with a taxane.