Problems of pregnancy Superfecundation: Its occur without causing problem when offspring from more than one sire are conceived at the same estrus period. Its occur in dog and cat but may be occur also in cow. In sow the condition occur routinely.
Superfetation: Its occur when an animal that is already pregnant and come to estrus, is served, and conceives a second litter. This occur in wild species such as the kangaroo and sow.
Ectopic Pregnancy: The condition of fetal development outside the uterus. Its common in human. In this condition urgent surgery is necessary to terminate the problem.
Abortion Abortion: expulsion of dead conceptus or a living one incapable of life. Premature delivery: preterm birth of immature viable fetus. Stillbirth: dead fetus expelled at term. Abortion in dairy cattle is commonly defined as a loss of the fetus between the age of 45 days and approximately 260 days. Abortion is usually caused by agents affecting the fetus, fetal membrane or endometerium.
Common Causes of Abortion Non-infectious causes 1. Chromosomal abnormalities
2. Nutritional: Toxic plants Nitrate poisoning Phyto-oestrogens Iodine deficiency Vit. A deficiency Selenium deficiency Lead poisoning Cadmium poisoning3. Stress: Handling High body temperature Trauma Surgery Vaccinations 4. Miscellaneous: Multiple pregnancy (twinning) Insemination Corticosteroid therapy Prostaglandin therapy Allergy Dehydration
Diagnosis is based on the presence of a CL, the lack of fremitus in the uterine artery and lack of fetal fluid in the uterus. The fetus feels dry and mummy-like on palpation. Oftentimes the head, ribs, etc. can be felt. Prognosis is good if the fetus is removed. After the fetus is removed, conception usually occurs 1-3 mo. later. Treatment is accomplished by administering PGF2a (with or without estrogen) to lyse the CL. Steroids are ineffective with dead fetus and non-functioning placenta. After treatment, check the vagina because sometimes the mummy may be lodged in the vagina when expelled.
Fetal Maceration Fetal maceration results from death of the fetus followed by dilation of the cervix and incomplete abortion or dystocia, usually during the last half of gestation. This condition can be due to a variety of miscellaneous organisms. Diagnosis On palpation per rectum, the uterine wall is thick, little or no fluid is present in the uterus and you may be able to palpate fetal bones and pus, or bones crepitating against each other in the uterus.
Prognosis The prognosis is poor for cows with this condition. This is not a "retained CL" problem so lysis of the Cl is not helpful. Endometrial damage is present even if all fetal parts are removed. Treatment Treatment is very difficult. The cervix cannot usually be dilated sufficiently to remove all the fetal parts and any remaining fetal parts act as an IUD. Surgery has been performed in valuable individuals but is very difficult.