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Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

2-Butyrophenone

Minimal effect cardiovascular and respiratory system, Slight hypotension, Potent antiemetics

Azaperone:

Horses i.m dose 0.4-0.8 mg/kg give good sedation, muscle tremor and sweat , i.v may be cause violent excitement horse
Droperidol:
Potent neuroleptic , extermely potent anti-emetic, antagonize respiratory depressant effects of morphine, it can used with combine with fentanyl in horses.
Fluanisone

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

3-Benzodiazepines

Depression of limbic system, muscle-relaxant properties, inhibition neurone at spinal level, drug very safe, limited effect CVS
Diazepam:
Insolubale in water, solvent benzoic acid, ethanol, Sodium benzoate, should not mixed with other drugs, premeditation increase length of action, prior to ketamine
Midazolam
Zolazepam
Dose: 0.2-1 mg/kg B.W.

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany






4-α2 adrenoceptor agonists
Clinical actions of α2 adrenoceptor agonists
Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine: Action same but there is difference length of action , major side effect cardiovascular system, bradycardia stimulation vagus nerve, hypotension
Significant uterine Stimulation Abortion in very early and late pregenancy

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

Xylazine:

Horses, dogs and cats require 10 times needed in cattle, sedation even less in horse than cattle, can given i.v., i.m., s/c, horse stay standing position in cow , small ruminiant may be recumbent
Side effect: muscle twitching in sheep, sweating horse, vomiting at onset dogs& cats. Increased uterine production, Salivation ruminants
Used as premedications, reduce dose of G.A, combination with other anesthetic drugs like ketamine
Dose: Ruminants 0.05-0.1 mg/kg , Horse, Dog 0.5-1 mg/kg

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

Detomidine:

Similar action of Xylazine more power due to more specfic α2 adrenoceptor
Has no effect uterus, not cause abortion,less dose than xyalzine
Horse 40-80 µg /kg, Cattle, 20-40 µg /kg

Medetomidine:

Is very potent and selective α2 adrenoceptor, central and peripheral system
New product:
Romifidine

Antagonist of α2 adrenoceptor agonists Yohimbine, idazoxan, atipameziole

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

Analgesia:

Analgesia an be provided by :
1- Use of local Anaesthesia
2- Use of opioid drugs
3- use of α2 adrenoceptor agonists

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

Opioid analgesics

Provided analgesia, Wide range of side effects (Respiratory depression) nausea and vomiting dogs, constipation, high dose horse and cats cause excitement, high dose antagonist analesic effect of low dose.
General action
Uses: it used provided analgesia before, during and after surgery
Mixed with sedative drugs chemical control
Premedications with anesthetic drugs


Butrophenol:
Morphine
Pethidine
Fentanyl

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

Hydromorphone 0.10 to 0.20 mg/kg

Oxymorphone 0.05 to 0.10 mg/kg

Morphine 0.50 to 1.0 mg/kg

Fentanyl 0.005 to 0.010 mg/kg


Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

Butorphanol (only)

• General Description
• Mixed agonist/antagonist opioid with short duration and very mild sedative effects
Patient selection
• Recommended use
• In patients where:
• Acepromazine use is a concern
• Some analgesia and mild sedation is desired

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

Cautionary information

• The duration of analgesic effect is very short
• 45 to 60 minutes in the dog
• 60 to 90 minutes in the cat
• Dosage
• Dog 0.10 to 0.40 mg/kg (0.05 to 0.2 mg/lb)
• Cat 0.10 to 0.40 mg/kg (0.05 to 0.2 mg/lb)
• Increased dosages are NOT associated with an increase in analgesia
• Doses exceeding 0.4 mg/kg (0.2 mg/lb) can cause undesirable excitatory effects
• Routes of administration
• IV, IM, or SC

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia

Muneer S. Al-Badrany

General Pharmacology of Parental anesthetic agent

The intravenous anesthetics are particularly useful for the induction of anesthesia which is to be continued by an inhalation technique, or where anesthesia of only short duration is required.
A significant difference between the intravenous anesthetics and those given by inhalation is that the action of intravenous agents is not as quickly reversible because unlike the inhalation agents they cannot be recovered from the patient.