Body organizing pdf - لا يوجد

Objectives

•

State the levels of body organization

•

Name the body system

•

Define the anatomical position and the

directional terms used in relation to the body

•

Describe the planes of the body

•

Identify the body cavities

•

Analyze, define, and pronounce the combining

forms that relate elements and systems of the

body

Nov-16

Levels of body Organization

• Chemical

– atoms combined to form molecules

• Cellular

– cells are made of molecules

• Tissue

– consists of similar types of cells

• Organ

– made up of different types of tissues

• Organ system

– consists of different organs

that work closely together

• Organismal

– made up of the organ systems

Nov-16

Body Structure and Organization

The body is organized from its smallest element,

the cell, to the collection of systems.

Cells



Tissues



Organs



Systems



Entire Body



Nov-16

Cells

Cells

•Vary in size, shape, and function.

•Need food, water, and oxygen to live

and function.

•Contain three basic structures:

Cell Membrane

- outer covering of the cell.

Nucleus

- central portion of each cell

responsible for directing cell activities.

Cytoplasm

- substance surrounding the nucleus

and is responsible for reproduction and

movement.

Nov-16

Tissues

Tissues

Groups of cells that work together

to perform the same task are

called

tissues

Types of Tissues

•Connective tissue

•Epithelial tissue

•Muscle tissue

•Nervous Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nov-16

Organs

Organs

Groups of tissues that work together to

perform a specific function are called

organs

Organ Examples:

kidney

lungs

brain

Nov-16

Systems

Systems

Groups of organs that

work together to perform

one of the body’s major

functions are called

systems

Integumentary

System

Consists of:

Skin

Hair

Nails

Sweat glands

Oil glands

protects the body against invasion by bacteria: regulate body
temperature and water content.

Nov-16

Musculoskeletal System

Musculoskeletal System

Supports the body, protects

organs and provides body

movement.

Consists of:

•Muscles

•Bones

•Cartilage

Nov-16

Cardiovascular System

Circulatory System

Pumps and transports blood throughout the

body. Blood carries nutrients and removes

waste from the tissues.

Consists of:

•Heart

•Blood Vessels

Nov-16

Respiratory System

Respiratory System

Consists of the lungs and the airways

•Performs respiration

Nov-16

Nervous System

Nervous System

Regulates most of the

body’s activities and

sends and receives

messages from

sensory organs.

Consists of :

Brain

Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nerves

Nov-16

Urinary System

Urinary System

•Eliminates metabolic waste

•Helps to maintain acid-base

and water-salt balance

•Helps regulate blood pressure

Consists of:

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

Nov-16

Lymphatic and Immune System

Immune System

Consists of:

•Lymph

•Lymphatic Vessels

•Lymphatic Glands

•Nonspecific Defenses of the

Immune System

Reproductive System

Permits the creation of new life

Nov-16

Digestive System

Digestive System

Includes all organs of digestion and

excretion of waste.

Nov-16

Endocrine System

Endocrine System

Includes the glands that

secrete

hormones

for the

regulation of several body

activities.

pancreas

testes

ovaries

adrenal

thyroid

pituitary

parathyroid

Nov-16

Anatomical Position

• B

ody erect

• F

eet slightly apart

• P

alms facing forward

• T

humbs point away

from body

Figure 1.7a

Nov-16

Body Position & Directional terms

TERM

DIERECTION

EXAMPLE

Anterior or Ventral

Toward the Front, away from the
back of the Body

The nose is on the Anterior side of the
face.

Posterior or Dorsal

Near the back; toward the back of
the body

The spine is on the posterior side of the
body

Superior or cephalic

Above; toward the head

The neck is superior to the chest

Inferior or Caudal

Below; toward the soles of the feet The Knee is inferior to the hip; the stomach

is inferior to the chest.

Proximal

Near the point of attachment to the
trunk

The elbow is proximal to the wrist .

Distal

Farther from the point of the
attachment to the trunk

The fingers are Distal to the wrist.

Nov-16

Continuation

TERM

Direction

Example

Lateral

Pertaining to the side; away from the
middle

The eyes are lateral to the nose

Medial

Towards the middle of the body

The nose is medial to the eyes

Prone

Lying Horizontal and Face down

Supine

Lying Horizontal and Face up

Nov-16

Body planes

1- frontal plane

; this plane separate

the body

into front

and back

portion (also called anterior and
posterior portion).

2- sagittal plane

: this vertical plane

divides the body or organ into
unequal left and right sides .

The

midsagittal plane

divides the body

or organ into equal left and right
sides.

3- transverse or horizontal plane:

this plan seperates the body into
supperior and inferior portions.

Nov-16

Body cavity and divisions

Body cavity:

a hallow space that contain

body organs, has two major cavities

The cavity in the back of the body called

(dorsal cavity) subdivided

into

- Cranial cavity
- Spinal cavity

The frontal body cavity called

(ventral cavity)

extend from the neck to the pelvis

and is

subdivided into

- Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity .
- Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic

cavity

Nov-16

Body Cavities

• Thoracic cavity

is subdivided into pleural cavities, the

mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity

– Pleural cavities

– each houses a lung

– Mediastinum

– contains the pericardial cavity, and

surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

– Pericardial cavity

– encloses the heart

Nov-16

Body Cavities

Figure 1.9b

Nov-16

Division of abdominal cavity (nine regions)

TERM

MEANING

Hypochondriac
(2)

they are right & left region located Below

the ribs; also used as a noun to refer to a
person who has imaginary illness
Hypo- (below), -chondriac (ribs).

Epigastric

Above the Stomach situated between right
& left Hypochondriac region . Epi (Above);
gastric (stomach).

Lumbar (2)

they are right & left region located at the
waist level on either side of the navel (
umbilicus)

Umbilical

Is the middle section it contain belly button
or umbilicus.

Hypogastric

Below the Stomach , located in the middle
section below the Umbilical region . Hypo-
(Below); -gastric (stomach).

Inguinal (2)

they are right & left inguinal region they are
located on either side of the Hypogastric
section . Inguinal is also refers to Groin

Nov-16

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Right upper

(RUQ)

• Left upper

(LUQ)

• Right lower

(RLQ)

• Left lower

(LLQ)

Figure 1.12

Nov-16

Word elements/Body Organization

ROOT

MEANING

Anter/o

Front, anterior

Cerv/o

Neck

Chondr/o

Cartilage

Cyt/o, cyte

Cell

Dors/o

Back

Inguin/o

Groin

My/o

Muscle

Myel/o

Spinal cord

Neur/o

Nerve, neuron

Poster/o

Posterior/Back

Proxim/o

Near

Super/o

Superior

Trans/o

Across

Nov-16

Study Table. Body Organization

TERM

MEANING

Abdominopelvic

Adjective meaning abdomen & pelvis; used to describe the body
subcavities contained in the ventral cavity

Cervical

Pertaining to the neck

Chromosome

Component of the cell nucleus that contains genes

Coccyx

Tailbone

Diaphragm

Muscles that separate the thoracic & the abdominopelvic cavities

Myalgia

My- (Muscle ); -algia (pain). Muscle pain

Sacrum

5 Fused bones of the Lower limb

Superior

Above; toward the cranium

inferior

Below; in a direction away from cranium

Thoracic

Adjective for the chest

Thorax

Chest

Viscera

Internal Organs

Nov-16