7

CHAPTER SEVEN

INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

CLASSIFICATION

A-Periapical projections :

1- paralleling technique, &

2- bisecting angle technique.

B-Bite-wing projections.

C-Occlusal projections.

Paralleling

Technique

Requirements of paralleling technique

• The film must be parallel to the long axis of the tooth.

• The beam must be oriented perpendicular to film & tooth.

• There is an increased focal spot-film distance.

• A film holder & beam alignment device is required.

Head Position
Head position for the paralleling technique is not critical, since you will be aligning the PID with the ring.

The maxillary arch should be parallel to the floor. The head should always be supported by the headrest.







In the paralleling technique( the illustration above left), the film is positioned in the mouth so that the long axis of the film and the long axis of the tooth are parallel.
In the illustration above right, the film is placed straight up and down and is not parallel; the patient is unable to close completely on the biteblock and the apices of the teeth would not appear on the film.
correct
incorrect

ANTERIOR

POSTERIOR
Rinn XCP (Extension Cone Paralleling Instruments)

Components: film holder, indicator arm, aligning ring.

Rinn X-C-P extension cone paralleling Instruments

Advantages of using Rinn instruments
• easy to learn.
• consistent results.
• anatomically accurate.
• minimal retakes.

Anterior Periapical

Long axis of film (# 1 – adult; # 0 – small child) vertical. Colored side against bite block support white side faces teeth/ring.

Dot-end of film placed in slot of bite block (dot-in-the-slot).

dot
dot
slot






Posterior Periapical

Long axis of film (# 2 – adult, # 0 – small child) horizontal. Colored side of film against biteblock support; white side faces teeth/ring.

Dot-edge of film placed in slot of biteblock (dot-in-the-slot).

dot
dot
slot





In general, the film should be positioned a reasonable distance away from the teeth in order to allow the patient to close reasonably comfortably and still maintain the parallel relationship between teeth and film.
The film will be closest to the teeth in the mandibular molar region.
correct
incorrect






If the palate or floor of the mouth is too shallow, the film usually cannot be positioned in parallel position in relation to the teeth.

By tipping the film (see illustration above), we can effectively position the film in the patient’s mouth.

As long as the film is not tipped more than 20 degrees from the line indicating the long axis of the tooth, the image will be OK.





Make sure the patient is biting completely on the biteblock as in the illustration above left.
Sometimes the patient will close their lips around the biteblock, looking like they are biting down, but the biteblock is not in contact with the teeth you are x-raying (illustration above right).
Make sure you can see the teeth in contact by having the patient open their lips slightly.









The film above right shows the result of the patient not biting on the biteblock. The apices are cut off.







Once the patient is biting on the biteblock, support the bar with the fingers of one hand while sliding the ring down with the other hand.

The ring should be close to the face. This will slightly reduce the amount of exposure to the patient’s face.






Cotton rolls can be helpful in supporting the biteblock in edentulous regions or in malposition cases …. .

The cotton roll is placed against the opposing arch, not between the biteblock and the teeth being radiographed.

Maxillary Incisor

centered on contact between central and lateral incisors
film placed far back in patient’s mouth

Maxillary Canine

film centered on canine
film placed against the opposite side of the arch, far away from the canine

In the maxillary canine region especially, the film may tip to one side or the other.

A cotton roll is placed BETWEEN THE BITEBLOCK AND THE MANDIBULAR TEETH (opposite arch) to help keep the film aligned properly.

Maxillary Premolar

front edge of film anterior to middle of canine; approximately centered on 2nd premolar

film equidistant from lingual surfaces of teeth (red arrows); this opens contacts between the teeth.

film in center of palate

Maxillary Molar

film centered on second molar
film in center of palate



film equidistant from palatal surfaces of teeth (red arrows); this opens contacts between the teeth.





Some patients, especially larger individuals, will have longer than normal teeth. With the normal positioning of the film and alignment of the beam, the apices of the teeth will be above the edge of the film (not visible or “cut off”) as in the illustration above left.
To compensate for this, increase the angle of the beam and raise the PID slightly (illustration above right). You are purposely foreshortening the image.
top edge of PID above ring

palatal torus

mandibular torus

If a patient has Tori (maxillary or mandibular):

Place film on the opposite side of palatal torus (away from teeth being radiographed); film should not rest on torus.
Place film between torus and tongue, making sure it doesn’t rest on top of torus.

Mandibular Incisor

film centered on midline

film positioned away from teeth, pushing tongue back slightly

Mandibular Canine

film centered on canine
film positioned away from teeth, pushing tongue back slightly

Mandibular Premolar

film equidistant from lingual surface of teeth (red arrows); film placed toward center of mouth, displacing tongue


front edge of film anterior to middle of canine; approximately centered on 2nd premolar

centered on second molar

Mandibular Molar
film equidistant from lingual surface of teeth; in this case the film will usually contact lingual of molars

The advantages of the paralleling technique are:

1. Better dimensional accuracy: the paralleling technique results in less distortion of the image of the teeth.
(The shape of the teeth and the relationship of the teeth to surrounding structures is more accurate).

2. When using the paralleling instrument with the aiming ring, the alignment of the x-ray beam is simplified.

3. It is easier to standardize films.

Because you are using the positioning instrument, it is easier to position the film in approximately the same position at different appointments.


This can be helpful if you are trying to compare the appearance of a periapical lesion from one visit to the next.

4. Head position is not as critical.

Because of the paralleling instrument, with its aiming ring, it is easy to properly align the x-ray beam no matter how the head is positioned.

Disadvantages of paralleling technique:

1. Less comfortable. Because the film is usually more upright when using the paralleling technique, it impinges more on the palate or floor of the mouth, thus making it more uncomfortable.

2. More limited by the anatomy of the patient’s mouth. A shallow palate or floor of the mouth makes it harder to position the film using the paralleling technique.