Muscle of the tongue and pharynx



Muscles of TongueMuscle

Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action

Intrinsic Muscles

Longitudinal TransverseVertical
Median septum and submucosa
Mucous membrane
Hypoglossal nerve
Alters shape of tongue

Extrinsic Muscles

Genioglossus
Superior genial spine of mandible
Blends with other muscles of tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
Protrudes apex of tongue through mouth


Hyoglossus
Body and greater cornu of hyoid bone
Blends with other muscles of tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
Depresses tongue

Styloglossus

Styloid process of temporal bone
Blends with other muscles of tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
Draws tongue upward and backward

Palatoglossus

Palatine aponeurosis
Side of tongue
Pharyngeal plexus
Pulls roots of tongue upward and backward, narrows oropharyngeal isthmus


The tongue is completely divided into a left and right half by a median sagittal septum composed of connective tissue. This means that all muscles of the tongue are paired. There are intrinsic and extrinsic lingual muscles


Muscles of the PharynxMuscle
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action

Superior constrictor

Medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular ligament, mylohyoid line of mandible
Pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone, raphe in midline posteriorly
Pharyngeal plexus
Aids soft palate in closing off nasal pharynx, propels bolus downward

Middle constrictor

Lower part of stylohyoid ligament, lesser and greater cornu of hyoid bone
Pharyngeal raphe
Pharyngeal plexus
Propels bolus downward

Inferior constrictor

Lamina of thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
Pharyngeal raphe
Pharyngeal plexus
Propels bolus downward


Cricopharyngeus
Lowest fibers of inferior constrictor muscle

Sphincter at lower end of pharynx

Stylopharyngeus
Styloid process of temporal bone
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Elevates larynx during swallowing

Salpingopharyngeus

Auditory tube
Blends with palatopharyngeus
Pharyngeal plexus
Elevates pharynx

Palatopharyngeus

Palatine aponeurosis
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage
Pharyngeal plexus
Elevates wall of pharynx, pulls palatopharyngeal arch medially




Muscles of the Soft PalateMuscle

Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action

Tensor veli palatini

Spine of sphenoid, auditory tube
With muscle of other side, forms palatine aponeurosis
Nerve to medial pterygoid from mandibular nerve
Tenses soft palate

Levator veli palatini

Petrous part of temporal bone, auditory tube
Palatine aponeurosis
Pharyngeal plexus
Raises soft palate

Palatoglossus

Palatine aponeurosis
Side of tongue
Pharyngeal plexus
Pulls root of tongue upward and backward, narrows oropharyngeal isthmus


Palatopharyngeus
Palatine aponeurosis
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage
Pharyngeal plexus
Elevates wall of pharynx, pulls palatopharyngeal folds medially

Musculus uvulae

Posterior border of hard palate
Mucous membrane of uvula
Pharyngeal plexus
Elevates uvula