Neoplasm

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Neoplasia

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
A tumor (Greek, swelling) tissue mass or swelling May or may not be neoplastic and space-occupying properties. Neoplasia: abnormal growth of a tissue into a mass phenotypically cells show Abnormal growth patterns and No longer under the control of normal homeostatic growth-controlling mechanisms. Neoplasm (Greek, neo, new+plasm, thing form) Autonomous growth of tissues that have escaped normal restraints on cell proliferation and Exhibit varying degree of fidelity to their precursors. The structural resemblance of the neoplastic cell to its cell of origin usually enables conclusions about its source and potential behavior.

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
Types of tumors Benign Tumors: Tumors arise in any of the tissues of the body and grow locally. Grow to a large size but are not invasive. Their clinical significance is their ability to cause local pressure, cause obstruction, or form a space-occupying lesion such as a benign brain tumor. Benign tumors

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
2. In situ Tumors: Small tumors that arise in the epithelium. Histologically, the lesion appears to contain cancer cells, but the tumor remains in the epithelial layer and does not invade the basement membrane or the supporting mesenchyme. A typical example of this is preinvasive squamous cell carcinoma affecting the nasal planum of cats

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
3. Malignant neoplasms (cancer). invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, metastases and eventually kill the host.

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
Secondary neoplasm refers to any of a class of cancerous tumor that is either a metastatic of a primary tumor,

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
Nomenclature: based upon two concepts:
Pathobiological differences between benign and malignant. Degree of differentiation Benign: mature morphological, functional characteristics and well differentiated Malignant: Severe lack of differentiation is referred to as anaplasia.

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
2. Growth rate: Benign growth slowly Malignant wide range of growth rates. 3. Mode of growth Benign usually encapsulated. Malignant mode of growth is initially by expansion, but eventually by invasion.


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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
4. Metastatic potential Benign NOT Malignant varying capability to metastasize 5. Host consequences A. Benign: effect through the presence of a space-occupying lesion. minimal effect (benign lipoma in the subcutaneous tissue); or life threatening (benign brain tumor). B. Malignant : life threatening

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
The second concept is concerned with the tissue or cell of origin Nomenclature of benign tumors: Mesenchymal: addition of the suffix oma to the cell type of origin: Fibrous tissue = fibroma Fat tissue = lipoma Cartilage = chondroma

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
2. Glandular epitheliumReferred to as adenoma:Sweat gland epithelium would be a sweat gland adenoma.3. Protective epithelium (squamous or transitional)Referred to as papilloma:• Sequamous papilloma of the skin (wart)• Transitional papilloma of the urinary bladder4. Nervous tissue:addition of the suffix oma to the cell type of origin:• benign tumor of the astrocytes astrocytoma

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
The nomenclature of malignant tumorsMesenchymalAddition of the suffix sarcoma to the cell type of origin:• Fibrous tissue = fibrosarcoma• Fat tissue = liposarcoma• Cartilage = chondrosarcoma2. Glandular epithelium adenocarcinoma:• Tumor of the sweat gland :sweatGland adenocarcinoma


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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
3. Protective epithelium (squamous or transitional) A malignant tumor of squamous epithelium would be a squamous cell carcinoma. A malignant tumor of transitional epithelium would be a transitional cell carcinoma. 4. Round cell tumors Plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma Mast cell tumor Transmissible venereal tumor

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
Most proto-oncogenes are key genes involved in the control of cell growth and proliferation The mode of action of proto-oncogenes in the normal cell can be divided as follows

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
4. Chronic Inflammation, Bacteria (primary bone neoplasia, sq cell car in horse) 5. Parasitic Infections (Spirocerca Lupi) 6. Hormones (Estrogen in bitches caused benign vaginal fibromas

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
The oncogenic viruses 1. Retroviruses 2. Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) 3. Feline Immunodefi ciency Virus (FIV) 4. papilloma viruses Chemical carcinogens 1. Soot 2. Hydrocarbons 3. Asbestos 4. Bracken fern 5. Food substances

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi

Baghdad University Surg Depart

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
Surgical Oncology: Preoperative preparation widely clipped. Gently clean using effective skin preparations (e.g., chlorhexidine/alcohol mixture) Avoid vigorous palpation of tumors prior to surgery. N.T: The infection rates following oncological surgery have been shown to be significantly higher than for other surgical procedures. Use prophylactic antibiosis during surgery and in the perioperative period.

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
Primary Skin Closure The coaptation of the wound edges at the time of the initial surgery without the need for extensive skin releasing techniques. Indicated for small skin deficits or where there is a lot of loose skin. Tension-releasing techniques are sometimes required. The wound should have no tension. Secondary Skin Healing The closure of the wound by secondary intention. Particularly suited to contaminated wounds or where the reconstruction of the wound is prohibited by the lack of surrounding skin. Specialized Reconstruction Techniques Pedicle flap closure of the skin Free skin grafts

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
Postoperative care prevention of postoperative pain usedeffective doses of multiple injectable analgesics, as well as local nerve blocks and epidurals as indicated. local infiltration of analgesics such as lidocaine using a “soaker catheter” provides effective local analgesia. This should be avoided if complete surgical excision of cancer is not certain because the infused medication could result in seeding of cancer cells. This technique works well for limb amputations where the tumor is distal to the incision site.As the surgery planned becomes more extensive, the doses of opioids used (e.g., buprenorphine, morphine) should increase, and pre- or postoperative NSAID therapy be used.


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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi

Baghdad University Surg Depart

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi

Baghdad University Surg Depart

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi

Baghdad University Surg Depart

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi
4. Antitumor antibiotics: breakingof DNA strands, cross-linking of base pairs, free radical production, and inhibition of topoisomerase II. Ex: doxorubicin, mitozantrone, and dactinomycin. 5. Glucocorticoids: Cytolytic for lymphoid tissues and therefore useful in the treatment of some lymphoid malignancies. Their mechanism of antitumor action is unclear. 6. Miscellaneous: Other agents with a variety of mechanisms of action are used in chemotherapy. These include the platinum compounds (cisplatin, carboplatin, and L-asparaginase).

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Dr H, Al-Timmemmi