Kidney Infection
الدكتورحارث محمد قنبر السعداوي
اختصاص جراحة الكلى والمسالك البولية والتناسلية والعقم
كلية طب الكندي - جامعة بغداد
Kidney infection• Etiology & Route of Infection
• Classification• For each type:
• Clinical Features
• Investigation
• Treatment
Etiology & Route of Infection
it arises in the following ways:
• Haematogenous infection:staphylococcal infection from primary in the tonsil, skin, teeth, also in renal tuberculosis.
• Ascending infection: it is the commonest route of infection especially during vesicoureteric reflux.E. coil is the commonest microorganism, other gram negative organisms, streptococci & staphylococci.
Classification
• Acute Pyelonephritis• Chronic Pyelonephritis
• Pyonephrosis
• Perinephric Abcess
• Renal Tuberculosis
• Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
• Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis
It is more common in females (especially during childhood, puberty, marriage, pregnancy).• Clinical features:
• Headache, lassitude.• Acute pain in the flank and hypochondrium.
• Fever, up to 38.8 or 39.5
• Symptoms of cystitis (urgency, frequency, dysuria)
• O/E tenderness in the hypochondrium and the loin.
Differential diagnosis:
pneumonia, appendicitis, cholecystitis.
Investigation:
Midstream urine examination (bacteria, pus cells)
Urine culture and sensitivity.
KUB x-ray & Ultrasound of abdomen and pelvis
Treatment:
while waiting for the C/S. broad spectrum antibiotic is start.analgesic
good hydration
then change the antibiotic according to the sensitivity result
Chronic pyelonephritis
Usually associated with vesicoureteric reflux.Pathologically, there is interstitial inflammation and scarring of the renal parenchyma.
The females are 3 times more common affected than males, usually under the age of 40 years.
Clinical features:
Lumber pain: dull in nature.Increased urinary frequency and dysuria.
Hypertension (40%).
Headache, anorexia, malaise.
Pyrexia: attacks of low grade fever.
Anemia: due to renal impairment
Uremia.
Investigations:
Midstream urine examination (bacteria, pus cells).
Urine culture and sensitivity.
KUB x-ray & Ultrasound of abdomen and pelvis.
Voiding Cystourethrography, Excretory Urography, Renal Isotope Scan.
Treatment:
1- Prevention of predisposing factors like acute infection, obstruction or stones.
2 - Surgical treatment with nephrectomy indicated in end stage disease with infection, hypertension.
Pyonephrosis
the kidney is converted into multilocular sac containing pus or purulent fluid• Pyonephrosis can result from:
• infection of a hydronephrotic kidney
• Following acute pyelonephritis
• most commonly arise as a complication of renal calculus disease.
• usually unilateral
Clinical features:
• The classical traid of symptoms is anemia, fever and loin swelling.
• when the condition arises as an infected hydronephrosis, the swelling may be very large and the pyrexia very high and associated with rigors.
Investigations:
GUE
Plain X-ray → may show a calculas
U/S → will demonstrate dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces.
I. V. U. → will show poor function and features of hydronephrosis on the affected side.
Treatment:
It is a surgical emergency (lethal septicemia),
Paranteral antibiotics should be given immediately and the kidney drained by percutanous nephrostomy or open nephrostomy (if the pus is too thick to be aspirated).
If there is a stone → should be removed
Nephrectomy → if the kidney function is fully damaged and the other kidney function is good
Perinephric abscess
The causes include:
• Extension from a cortical abscess.• Haematogenous spread of distant infection.
• Extension of appedicular abscess.
• Via periureteral lymphatics.
Clinical features:
• high swinging pyrexia
• Abdominal tenderness & fullness in the loin.
• Always there is high leukocytosis but there are no pus cells or microorganisms in urine.
• Investigation:
• G.U.E.
• Plain abdominal X-ray → will show obscured psoas shadow, reactionary scoliosis (with the concavity towards the abscess,), elevation and immobility of the diaphragm on the affected side.
• U/S and C T scan are diagnostic.
Treatment:
• By either percutaneous or open lumber incision drainage under antibiotics control
Renal Tuberculosis
• It arises from a haematogenous infection from a distant focus• Usually unilateral
• Mycobacteria and pus cells are discharged into the urine
• there will be tuberculous abscess, pyonephrosis, perinephric abscess, and the kidney is progressively replaced by caseous material which may calcified (cement kidney).
• Renal tuberculosis may be associated with tuberculosis of the bladder, epididymis.
Clinical features:
• Usually occur between 20 to 40 years of age, men are more affected than females.• Frequency: day & night time frequency.
• Sterile pyuria.
• Painful micturation: suprapubic pain with dysuria.
• Renal pain: dull ache in the loin.
• Haematuria 5%
• Constitutional symptoms: Evening pyrexia, weight loss.
• O/E prostate, seminal vesicle, vas and scrotum are nodular & thick
Investigations:
• bacteriological examination of at least 3 early morning urine samples, stained with Ziehl - Nielsen stain to show the presence of acid fast bacilli
• Plain abdomen X-ray: may show calcified lesion of the kidney
• I.V.U.: hydrocalyces & hydronephrosis due to fibrosis of the renal pelvis or the ureter, tuberculosis abscess may show as space-occupying lesion, shrunken bladder.
• Cystoscopy: the bladder is studded with granulomas near the ureteric orifice it may coalesce to produce tuberculous ulcer.
• chest X-ray: to exclude an active lung lesion.
Treatment:
• Antituberculous combination chemotherapy.
• Pyeloplasty in case of strictured renal pelvis.
• Boari flap in case of ureteric stenosis.
• Nephroureterectomy in case of non- functioning kidney.
• illiocystoplasty in case of small contracted bladder
