حلول H.W و أمثلة

ﻭ

 ﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ

  

ﺍ

 ﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ

   

  

ﻗ

ﺴﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ

 

  

  
  

ﺃ

ﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

  

ﺒ

 ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ

(SI)

  

ﻤ

 ﺒﺎﺩﺉ

–

  ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ

–

 ﻤﺴﺎﺌل

  

  

  

  

(307

)

 

 ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﺠﻭﺒﺔ

(151)

 

ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ

.

  

ﺘ

ﺄﻟﻴﻑ

  

ﺍ

ﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﺣﻴﻢ ﺟﻮﻱ ﻣﺤﻲ

  

ﺃ

ﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ

  

ﺭ

ﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎ

ﺭ

ﺍﺕ

  

  

  

ﺍ

ﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ

  

2003

  

 

I

 

ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ

  

  

)

 ﻮﺍﺗﻭﹸﺃ ﻦﻳِﺬﱠﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﹸﻜﻨِﻣ ﻮﺍﻨﻣﺁ ﻦﻳِﺬﱠﻟﺍ ﻪﱠﻠﻟﺍ ِﻊﹶﻓﺮﻳ

ﻴﺮِﺒﺧ ﹶﻥﻮﹸﻠﻤﻌﺗ ﺎﻤِﺑ ﻪﱠﻠﻟﺍﻭ ٍﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻢﹾﻠِﻌﹾﻟﺍ

(

  

ﺻﺪﻕ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ

  

)

ﺳﻮﺭﺓ

ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ

:

11

 (

  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

II

 

ﺒﺴﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ

  

  

   ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍ

            ﺩـﻤﺤﻟﺍ،ﻪﻠﻜ ﺭﻤﻻﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﺨﻟﺍ ﻪﻟﻭ،ﻪﻠﻜ لﻀﻔﻟﺍ ﻪﻟﻭ،ﻪﻠﻜ ﺩﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻪﻟ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﷲ ﺩﻤﺤﻟﺍ،ﻥﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟ
                ﻡﻟﺎـﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ،ﻡﻠﻘﻟﺎﺒ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﷲ ﺩﻤﺤﻟﺍ، ﻥﻴﻨﻤﺅﻤﻠﻟ ﹰﺍﺭﻭﻨﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﻫ،ﻥﻴﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ لﺯﻨﺃ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﷲ

    ﻭﺼﻼﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻻﺭﺴﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ،ﻡﻠﻌﻴ

)

ﺹ

 (

ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﻻﻤ

  ﻪـﺜﻌﺒ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻥﻴ

ﺍﷲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺼﺤﺒﻪ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺠﻪ

 .

  

           ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻡ، ﺩﻌﺒﻭ

"

  ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

 "

    ﺔـﺒﻠﻁ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘﻟ
             ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺹﺨﻷﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻟ ﺓﺭﺭﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻰﺸﺎﻤﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﻻ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻜ

ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ

 .

  

ﺇﻥ

                ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻟﻁﻠﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﺘﻘﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ

ﺒﻌ،

ﺽ

               ، ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ

              ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ

  ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ

 ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ، ﻙﻟﺫﻟ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻬﺠﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ

 .

  

                  ﺎـﻨﺘﺒﻠﻁﻟ ﺀﻲـﻬﻴﻟﻭ ﺔـﺒﻴﺒﺤﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﻐﻠﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ لﻘﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﻴﻟ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ

         ﺍﻻﻋﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤ

      ـﻲ ﻋـﻓ ﺓﺭﺍﺭـﺤﻟﺍ ﻙﻴ

   ﺴﻁـﺒﻤ ٍِﺽﺭ

ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺢ

.

  

  ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ

)

10

 (

 ﻓﺼﻭل ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭ

 ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ

 :

  

              ﺎﻨﻭﻥـﻘﻟﺍ ، ﺕﺍﺯﺎـﻐﻟﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨ ، ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻭ ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺍ، ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ

  ﺍﻻﻭل

ﻟﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ

                ﺩﺭـﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺩ ، ﺓﺭﺍﺭـﺤﻟﺍ ﻙﻴﻤﻨﻴﺍﺩـﻟ ﻲﻨﺎـﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻟﺍ ، ﺔﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻻﺍ ، ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ 

 ﺓ

 ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨ،

ﻼ

 ﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ

     ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺩﻋﻤﺕ،

  ـﺒ

)

307

 (

       ﺩﺍﺕـﺤﻭﺒﻭ ﺔـﻟﻭﻠﺤﻤ ﺔﻟﺄﺴـﻤ

(S1)

، 

      ﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل

)

257

 (

         ﻰـﻠﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﺏﻟﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﻜﻟ ، ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ

          ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻭﺒﺔ،لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ

)

151

 (

     ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤ

  ﻴﺔـﻀﺎ
               ﻥﻭـﻜﺘ ﻲﻜ ﻪﺴﻔﻨﺒ ﺏﻟﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺤﻴ ﻥﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﺘﺴﻴ ﺓﺭﺭﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﻴﺔﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻁﻐﺘﻟ

ﻋﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ

.

  

       ﻭﺃﻭﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺠﺯﻴل ﺸﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻱ ﻭﺍ

ﻤﺘ

    ﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ

  ﺃﺒﺩﻯ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ

     ﺎﺏـﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺫـﻫ 

ﻭﺃﺨﺹ ﺒﺎ

 ﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﻼﺀ

 :

  

1

. ﺃ

.ﺩ

 .

               ﺔـﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺔـﻴﻠﻜ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔـﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﻗ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ ، ﻲﺒﻭﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ لﻴﻋﺎﻤﺴﺍ ﺭﺫﻨﻤ ﺱﺩﻨﻬﻤ

–

 

 ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ

–

  ﻤﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ

 .

  

2

. ﺍ

ﻟ

 ﻌﻤﻴﺩ ﺃ

.ﻡ

.ﺩ

 .

             ﻴﻡـﻘﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴـﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺩﻴﻤﻋ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﻤ ،ﻲﻟﺎﺸﺨﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﻬﻤ لﻴﻤﺠ ﺔﺒﻴﺘﻗ ﺱﺩﻨﻬﻤ

 ﻋﻠﻤﻲ

 .

  

 

III

3

.

 

.ﺃ

.ﻡ

.ﺩ

     ﺭ، ﻱﺩﻴﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻨ

      ﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ

-

     ﺔـﻌﻤﺎﺠ، ﺩﺸﺭ ﻥﺒﺍ 

 ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ

–

  ﻤﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻐﻭﻱ

 .

  

  ﻜﺎﻨﺕ

ﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ

          ﺎﺏـﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﻏﺇ ﻲﻓ ﹰﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﹰﺍﺭﺜﺃ لﻀﺎﻓﻷﺍ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻻﺍ 

ﻭ

        ﺭـﺨﻔﺒﻭ ﺕـﺒﺜﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎـﻨﻫ ﺩﻭﺃ

 ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ

 :

  

1

.

 

 ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺠﻴﺩ

 .

  

2

.

 

 ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ

 .

  

3

.

 

 ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺠﻴ

         ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺏ ﺒﻠﻐ، ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻠﻟ ﺢﻠﺼﻴ ، ﺩ

         ﺔـﻠﺜﻤﺍ ﻱﻭـﺤﻴﻭ ، ﺔـﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﺴﻠﺴ ﺔ

ﻋﺩﻴ

ﺩ

 ﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ

ﻤ

 ﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ

 .

  

4

.

 

        ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻜﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ

∗

      ﺫﻫﺎـﺨﺄﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻭﺃ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ 

 ﻭﻟﻭ ﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﻗﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﺼﺎﻟﺤﺎﹰ، ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺒ ﻑﻟﺅﻤﻟﺍ

 ﻜﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺭﺭ

 .

  

5

.

 

 ﺠﺯﺍ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻜل ﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﺩﺩ ﺨﻁﺎﻩ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﻤﺭﻴﺩﻴﻪ

 .

  

                 ﺔـﻨﺭﺘﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩـﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺌﺎـﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺩﻨﻫ ﻡﺴﻗ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﻴﻟﺄﺘ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺩﻘﻟ

       ﺒﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻗﻡ

18

     ﻤﻙـﻫ 

/

3

/

239

    ﻓﻲ

20

/ 

4

/ 

1999

 . 

   ﺎﺯﻩـﺠﻨﺇ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ

   ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ

      ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ،

 /

  ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ

 /

        ﺭﻗﻡـﺒ ﻪـﻌﺒﻁ ﻰـﻠﻋ ، ﺕﺍﺩﻭﺴﻤﻟﺍ

  ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺯﺓ

847

     ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ

11

/

10

/

2000

 . 

         ﺔـﺒﻠﻁﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﺯﻭﺘﺴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍﻭ

 ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺫﻜﺭﺓ

  ﺭﺌﻴﺱ

             ﻗﺴﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ

16

/

10

/

2000

 . 

    ﻭﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﹰ

 "

  ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﹰ

 "

        ﺔـﻨﺠﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻙﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻟ

ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻗﻡ ﺕ ﻡ

 /

609

  ﻓﻲ

30

/

10

/

2000

 . 

  

                    ﻭﻨﺭﺤﺏ ﺒﺄﻱ ﻨﻘﺩ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ، ﺓﻭﻔﻫ لﻜ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺫﺘﻌﻨ ﻡﺎﺘﺨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ

ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟ

 ﺫﻱ ﺃﻤل ﺍﻥ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺒﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ

  .

  

  ﻭﺍﷲ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ، ﻥﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺭ ﷲ ﺩﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺍﻭﻋﺩ ﺭﺨﺁﻭ

  .

  

  

  

  

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.ﺃ

.ﻡ

ﺩ

 .

 ﺭﺤﻴﻡ ﺠﻭﻱ ﻤﺤﻲ

  

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ

  

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     ﻗﺴﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ

  

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌ

ﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ

  

ﺃﻴﻠﻭل

-

2003

 

                                    

 

∗

 

ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ﺃﻀﻴﻔ

ﺕ

 ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴ

ﺔ

 :

  

 

ﻭﻻﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ، ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻙﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻟ ﻲﻓﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ

.

  

 

IV

ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ

  

 ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ

  

ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ

  

ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ

................................

................................

.............................

  

II

 

ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

................................

................................

.........

  

X

  

ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ

................................

................................

.......

  

XI

 

1

 .

ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل

  

 ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ

)

1

-

25

(

  

  

1.1

-

 ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ

................................

................................

...

  

1

  

1.2

-

 ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ

................................

................................

......

  

1

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

9

  

1.3

-

 ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ

................................

................................

.....

  

10

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

18

  

1.4

-

 ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻱ

................................

..........................

  

20

  

1.5

-

 ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ

................................

................................

.....

  

21

  

1.5.1

-

 ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ

................................

..........................

  

21

  

1.5.2

-

 ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ

................................

................................

  

21

  

1.6

-

 ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ

................................

................................

................

  

22

  

1.7

-

 ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ

................................

................................

.....

  

23

  

1.8

-

 ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ

................................

................................

......

  

23

  

1.9

-

 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ

................................

................................

.............

  

25

  

2

 .

ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ

  

 ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

 )

26

 

-

44

( 

  

  

2.1

-

 ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ

................................

................................

...

  

26

  

2.2

-

 ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ

................................

..............................

  

27

  

2.3

-

 ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ

................................

................................

..............

  

27

  

2.4

-

 ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ

................................

...........................

  

28

  

2.5

-

 ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭ

ﻤﻴﺘﺭ

................................

................................

...................

  

30

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

32

  

2.6

-

 ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل

................................

................................

.............

  

33

  

2.7

-

 ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺭﺩﻥ

................................

................................

...............

  

33

  

2.8

-

 ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

................................

................................

...............

  

34

  

 

V

2.8.1

-

 ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ

................................

...............

  

35

  

2.8.2

-

 ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

................................

................................

...

  

35

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

...............

  

39

  

ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ

  

 ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

)

45

-

 

71

(

  

  

3.1

-

 ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

45

  

3.2

-

 ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

................................

................................

......

  

45

  

3.2.1

-

 ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺔ

................................

................................

...........

  

46

  

3.2.2

-

 ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨ

ﺘ

 ﻘﻠﺔ

ﺍ

ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺒﺭﺓ

................................

................................

...

  

49

  

3.3

-

 ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

................................

................................

..................

  

49

  

3.4

-

 ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

................................

................................

.............

  

52

  

3.4.1

 

–

 ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ

................................

................................

............

  

52

  

3.4.2

-

 ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل

................................

...............................

  

53

  

3.4.3

-

 ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل

................................

...........................

  

54

  

3.5

-

 ﺍ

ﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل

................................

................................

................

  

57

  

3.5.1

-

 ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ

................................

................................

..........

  

57

  

3.5.2

-

 ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺯﺍﺤﻲ

................................

................................

............

  

58

  

3.5.3

-

 ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ

................................

................................

............

  

59

  

3.5.4

-

 ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ

................................

................................

..........

  

61

  

3.5.5

-

 ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ

................................

................................

...

  

61

  

3.6

-

 ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

................................

..............................

  

63

  

3.7

-

 ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ

................................

................................

.............

  

64

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل

................................

................................

...............

  

67

  

4

.

 ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ

  

ﺎﺯﺍﺕــــﻐﻟﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨ

) 

72

-

84

(

  

  

4.1

-

 ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ

................................

................................

....

  

72

  

4.2

-

 ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﻴل

................................

................................

..................

  

74

  

4.3

-

 ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﺭل ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ

................................

.........................

  

75

  

4.4

-

 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ

................................

......

  

77

  

4.5

-

 ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ

................................

................................

.

  

78

  

4.6

-

 ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟ

ﺒ

ﻲ

................................

................................

.....................

  

80

  

 

VI

4.7

-

 ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻴﻥ

................................

.............................

  

81

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

82

  

5

 .

ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ

  

ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

) 

85

-

159

(

  

  

5.1

-

 ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

................................

..............................

  

85

  

5.2

-

 ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻭل

................................

................................

.................

  

85

  

5.3

-

 ﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل

................................

................................

..........

  

86

  

5.4

-

 ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

................................

................................

................

  

88

  

5.5

-

  ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻪ

ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ

................................

................................

........

  

89

  

5.6

-

 ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل

................................

................................

..........

  

90

  

5.7

-

 ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﻭل

................................

................................

  

91

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

92

  

5.8

-

 ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺠﺭ

ﻨﺎﻴ

 ﻴﺔ

)

ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ

(

................................

.....................

  

98

  

5.9

-

 ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ

................................

..................

  

99

  

5.9.1

-

  ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ

................................

................................

.......

  

99

  

5.9.2

-

 ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ

................................

................................

.......

  

100

  

5.9.3

-

 ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

................................

................................

  

101

  

5.9.4

-

 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ

................................

................................

..........

  

101

  

5.9.5

-

 ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭ

ﺒ

ﻴﺔ

................................

................................

.........

  

106

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

111

  

6

 .

ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ

  

 ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ

)

160

-

216

(

  

  

6.1

-

 ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ

................................

................................

............

  

160

  

6.2

-

 ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ

................................

................................

...............

  

160

  

6.2.1

-

 ﺸﻐل ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ

................................

................................

........

  

161

  

6.2.2

-

 ﺸﻐل ﺃﻭ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ

................................

................................

.....

  

161

  

6.3

-

 ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ

................................

..........................

  

163

  

6.4

-

 ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ

................................

................

  

165

  

6.4.1

-

 ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ

................................

...............................

  

165

  

6.4.2

-

 ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ

................................

................................

........

  

167

  

6.4.3

-

 ﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ

................................

....................

  

168

  

 

VII

6.4.4

-

 

ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ

................................

................................

........

  

172

  

6.4.5

-

  ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺙ

)

ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻕ

 (

 ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺭ

)

ﺍﻟﻤﺒ

ﺩﺩ

(

................................

...........................

  

173

  

6.4.6

-

  ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﻲ

)

ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺙ

(

................................

............................

  

175

  

6.4.7

-

 ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ

................................

................................

........

  

179

  

6.4.8

-

 ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ

................................

.........................

  

179

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

185

  

7

 .

ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ

  

ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

 )

217

 -

239

(

  

  

7.1

-

 ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ

................................

................................

....................

  

217

  

2.7

-

ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ

................................

..............................

  

218

  

7.3

-

 ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻ

ﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻲ

................................

................................

..........

  

219

  

7.4

-

 ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ

................................

................................

  

221

  

7.5

-

 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭ

ﻱ

................................

................................

...........

  

222

  

7.6

-

 ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ

................................

.........

  

224

  

7.7

-

  ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺱ

)

ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ

(

................................

.............

  

225

  

7.8

-

 ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ

................................

................................

................

  

226

  

7.9

-

 ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

................................

..............................

  

227

  

7.10

-

 ﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ

................................

................................

........

  

229

  

7.11

-

  ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ

)

ﺘﻤﺎﺜل

 (

ﻨﺼﻲ ﻜﻠﻔﻥ ﺒﻼﻨﻙ ﻭﻜﻠ

ﻭ

ﺯﻴﻭﺱ

................................

................

  

230

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل

................................

................................

...............

  

232

  

8

 .

 ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ

  

ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ

 )

240

-

276

(

  

  

8.1

-

  ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ

ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ

................................

................................

...........

  

240

  

8.2

-

 ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ

................................

................................

................

  

240

  

8.3

-

 ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ

................................

................................

.................

  

242

  

8.4

-

 ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ

................................

................................

.............

  

243

  

8.5

-

 ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ

................................

................................

.......

  

245

  

8.6

-

 ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

................................

................

  

246

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

247

  

 

VIII

 

9

 .

 ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ

  

ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ

 )

277

-

324

(

  

  

9.1

-

 ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ

................................

................................

...................

  

277

  

9.2

-

 

 ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

–

  ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ

(T-S)

................................

..................

  

277

  

9.3

-

 ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ

................................

................................

........

  

280

  

9.4

-

ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭﺱ

................................

................................

.............

  

281

  

9.5

-

 ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺜﺭﻭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ

 ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ

...................

  

283

  

9.6

-

 ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﺯﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴ

ﺔ

................................

................................

..........

  

284

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

287

  

9.7

-

 ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍ

ﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭ

ﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ

................................

......................

  

294

  

9.8

-

  ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﻨﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ

(T-S)

................................

.............................

  

299

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل

................................

................................

...............

  

300

  

10

 .

 ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ

  

ﺔــــﻴﺯﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻁــﺌﻼﺨﻟﺍ

 )

325

-

370

(

  

  

10.1

-

 ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ

................................

..............................

  

325

  

10.2

-

  ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ

)

ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ

(

................................

.................

  

325

  

10.3

 ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠ

ﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ

  

)

ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ

(

................................

....

  

325

  

10.4

-

 ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭل

................................

................................

.

  

326

  

10.5

-

 ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻓﻭﻜﺎﺩﺭﻭ

................................

................................

....

  

327

  

10.6

-

 ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ

................................

................................

............

  

327

  

10.7

-

 ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴ

ﺔ

................................

................................

....

  

328

  

10.8

-

 ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ

................................

...........................

  

328

  

10.9

-

  ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻲ ﺍﻭ

)

ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ

 (

ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ

................................

.......................

  

329

  

10.10

-

 ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ

................................

...........................

  

330

  

10.11

-

  ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ

)

ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ

(

................................

..................

  

331

  

10.12

-

 ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ

)

ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ

 (

ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ

................................

........

  

333

  

10.13

-

 ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ

................................

................................

.

  

333

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

................................

................................

.......................

  

334

  

10.14

-

،  ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ

ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ،ﻲﻟﺎﺜﻨﻻﺍ

...............................

  

335

  

10.15

-

  ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ

)

ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ

(

..............................

  

336

  

 

IX

10.16

-

 ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ

................................

...

  

337

  

10.17

-

 ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ

................................

...............

  

338

  

10.18

-

  ﺨﻼﺌﻁ

ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﻐﻭﻁ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ

..............................

  

339

  

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل

................................

................................

...............

  

340

  

ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ

................................

................................

............................

  

371

  

  

 

X

 ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

 

 

Introduction to Thermodynamics 

  

  

       ﻤﻊ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻅﻬﺭ

    ﻋﻠﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺭﺓ

)

ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻜﺱ

 (

 ﺭـﺜﻟﺍ

     ﺸﻤلـﻴ ﻱﺫـﻟﺍ 

 ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

  ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ

  ، ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ

 

  ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ

  ،

        ﺜﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ، ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ

 ﺘﻡــــــــــﻬﻴ ﻪــــــــــﻨﻻ ﺔــــــــــﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔــــــــــﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ

  

  ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ

 :

  

1

.

 

   ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

)

 ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل

 (

        ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ،ﺭﺨﻵ لﻜﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻻﻭﺤﺘﻭ

       ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍ

      ﺔ ﺍﻭـﻴﺯﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺒﺭﻭﺘﻟﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺭ

ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ

… 

 .

    ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺴ، ﺦﻟﺍ

   ﺯﺓ ﺍﻟـﻬﺠﺃ ﺔﻁﺎ

ﺘﻜ

ﻴ

      ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘـﺴﺄﺒ ﻑـﻴ

ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ

. 

  

2

.

 

        ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ

(Fluid)

         ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺃﻭ، ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻐﻀﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ 

  ﻴﺒﺭﺩ

 .

     ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﹰ

)

 ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ

 (

   ﺃﻭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﺍﹰ

)

    ﺎﺭـﺨﺒ لﺜﻤ

 ﺎﺀـﻤﻟﺍ

 (

     ﺎﺌﻼﹰ ﺃﻭـﺴ ﻭﺃ ،

 ﺨﻠﻴﻁﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺸﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻻﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ

 .

  

3

.

 

 ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ

 .

  

          ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ

ﻭﺠﺩﺕ

      ،  ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ

ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍ

 ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ

 :

  

1

.

 

   ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ

 :

            ، ﺭﺍﺭﺓـﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻪﺒﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻭﻫﻭ

 ﺴﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ ﻻﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل

 .

  

2

.

 

 ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل

 :

 ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

 .

  

3

.

 

   ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ

 :

       ﺃﻱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎ، ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺴ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ

        ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ لـﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻩ

 ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ

 .

  

4

.

 

 ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ

 :

 ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ

 .

  

              ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺩـﻴﻟﻭﺘ ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻙﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺴﺩﻨﻬﻤ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻙﻟﺫﻟ

       ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ،ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺜﺎﻔﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻤﻟﺍ،

      ،  ﻤﺭﺍﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺨﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻐﻟﺍ

ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ

  ، 

    ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ

 .

            ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﻡ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﻔﻬﻡ

 ﺃﺴﺴﻪ

 .

  

             ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ

 .

  ﻲ ﻤﻨـﻓﻭ

 ـﺘ

 ﺼﻑ

    ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ

    ﺠﻭل

(Joule)

          ﺩـﻗﻭ، ﺔـﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻟﺍ لﻐﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ 

   ﺃﺴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤ

      ﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﻜﺎﺭ

ﻨ

  ﻜ،ﻭ

ﻠﻴ

ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭ،ﻥﻔ

ﺱ

        ﺭﻥـﻘﻟﺍ ﺫـﻨﻤﻭ ، ﻡﻫﺭـﻴﻏﻭ 

 ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻤل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ

 .

  

 

XI

ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ

  

 

ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ

∗

 

ﺍﻟﺭﻤ

ﺯ

ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ 

SI 

BU 

A Area 

 ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ

 

m

2 

ft

2 

a Acceleration 

ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل

 

m

 

/s

2 

ft/sec.

2

 

C Velocity 

 

ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ

 

m/s ft/sec. 

C Specific 

heat 

 

 ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ

 

J/kg.k Btu/lbm. 

D Diameter 

 

ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ

 

m ft 

E Energy 

ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

  

J=N.m Ft.lb,Btu 

F Force 

 

 ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ

  

N=kg.m/s

2

 Lb

f=

slug.ft/sec

2

 

g Local 

acceleration 

of 

grafity 

ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ

  

m/s

2 

ft/sec

2 

H Enthalby 

 ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ

  

kJ Btu 

h 

Specific enthalby  

 ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ

  

kJ/kg Btu/lbm 

J 

Mechanical equivalent of 
heat  

ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓىﺎﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

  

kcal=427kg.m 778,2ft.lbf/Btu

M Molecular 

weight 

 

 ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ

  

kg/kg.mol Lbm/lbm.mole

 

m Mass 

 ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ

  

kg Slug,lbm 

•

m

 

Mass flow rate 

 ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ

ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ

  

kg/s Slug/sec,lbm/s

ec. 

N Mole 

ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ

  

 

 

n Polytropic 

index 

 ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ

  

 

 

P Pressure 

ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ

  

Pa = N/m

2 

Lb

f

/in

2

=psi 

P Power 

ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ

  

W = J/s 

Ft.lb/s,h.p 

Q Heat 

 

 ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

  

kJ Btu 

•

Q  

Heat rate 

 ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

  

kJ/s = kW 

Btu/sec. 

q 

Heat per unit  

ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ

  

kJ/kg Btu/Lbm 

                                    

 

∗

 

ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺏ

(SI)

  

(System International)

 ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﺭﻤﺯﻩ

  

 (British units ) (Bu)

 ﺍﻭ

(English)

 ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺭﺩ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻪ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ

.

  

  

 

XII

R Gas 

Constant 

 ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ

  

kJ/.kg.K 

Btu/ Lb. F  

R  

Universal Gas Constant 

 ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ

  

8.314kJ/kmol.K 1545 

ft.lbf/mole.R 

S Entropy 

 

 ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ

  

kJ / K 

Btu /F 

s 

Specific Entropy  

 ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ

  

kJ / kg . k 

Btu/Lbm.ft 

T 

Absolute Temperature  

 ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ

  

K F 

T Torque 

 ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ

  

N.m  

Lbf . Ft 

U Internal 

Energy 

 ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ

  

kJ Btu 

u 

Specific Internal E .  

ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ

  

kJ / kg 

Btu / Lbm 

V Volume 

 

 ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ

  

m

3

,

 

Liter

  

Ft

3 

W Work 

 ﺍﻟﺸﻐل

  

J= N.m  

Ft . Lb  

•

W   Work Rate 

 ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل

  

kJ/s =kW 

Lbf . Ft/s 

w 

Work per Unit mass 

 ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻟﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ

  

kJ/kg 

Btu / Lbm  

X Displacement. 

 

ﺯﺍ

 ﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ

  

m Ft 

Z Hight 

 

 ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ

  

m Ft 

 

 

XIII

 ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ

:

  

  

 ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ

 

 

 ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ

 

 

α 

Alpha 

ø 

Function , ph 

β 

Beta 

π 

 ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ

)

ﺒﺎﻱ

 (

 

γ 

Gamma, Ratio of Specific heat  d 

Differential,(derivative) 

 ﺘﻔﺎﻀل

)

ﻤﺸﺘﻕ

 (

 

∆ 

Delta            

 ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻕﺭﻓ  

θ 

Theta  

η 

Efficiency , Etta 

 ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ 

∫ 

Integration  

        ﺘﻜﺎﻤل

 

ρ 

Density , Rho    

 ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ 

∑ 

Sigma , Summation

          

ﺠﻤﻊ

 

 

X

 ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

 

 

Introduction to Thermodynamics 

  

  

       ﻤﻊ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻅﻬﺭ

    ﻋﻠﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺭﺓ

)

ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻜﺱ

 (

 ﺭـﺜﻟﺍ

     ﺸﻤلـﻴ ﻱﺫـﻟﺍ 

 ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

  ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ

  ، ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ

 

  ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ

  ،

        ﺜﻡ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ، ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ

 ﺘﻡــــــــــﻬﻴ ﻪــــــــــﻨﻻ ﺔــــــــــﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔــــــــــﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ

  

  ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ

 :

  

1

.

 

   ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

)

 ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل

 (

        ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ،ﺭﺨﻵ لﻜﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻻﻭﺤﺘﻭ

       ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍ

      ﺔ ﺍﻭـﻴﺯﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺒﺭﻭﺘﻟﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺭ

ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ

… 

 .

    ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺴ، ﺦﻟﺍ

   ﺯﺓ ﺍﻟـﻬﺠﺃ ﺔﻁﺎ

ﺘﻜ

ﻴ

      ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘـﺴﺄﺒ ﻑـﻴ

ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ

. 

  

2

.

 

        ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻭ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ

(Fluid)

         ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺃﻭ، ﺩﺩﻤﺘﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻐﻀﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ 

  ﻴﺒﺭﺩ

 .

     ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﹰ

)

 ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ

 (

   ﺃﻭ ﺒﺨﺎﺭﺍﹰ

)

    ﺎﺭـﺨﺒ لﺜﻤ

 ﺎﺀـﻤﻟﺍ

 (

     ﺎﺌﻼﹰ ﺃﻭـﺴ ﻭﺃ ،

 ﺨﻠﻴﻁﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺸﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻻﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ

 .

  

3

.

 

 ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ

 .

  

          ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ

ﻭﺠﺩﺕ

      ،  ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ

ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍ

 ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ

 :

  

1

.

 

   ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ

 :

            ، ﺭﺍﺭﺓـﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻪﺒﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻭﻫﻭ

 ﺴﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ ﻻﻥ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل

 .

  

2

.

 

 ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل

 :

 ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻴﻎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

 .

  

3

.

 

   ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ

 :

       ﺃﻱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎ، ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺴ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ

        ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ لـﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻩ

 ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ

 .

  

4

.

 

 ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ

 :

 ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ

 .

  

              ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺩـﻴﻟﻭﺘ ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻙﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺴﺩﻨﻬﻤ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻙﻟﺫﻟ

       ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ،ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺜﺎﻔﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻤﻟﺍ،

      ،  ﻤﺭﺍﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺨﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻐﻟﺍ

ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺍﻏﻁ

  ، 

    ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ

 .

            ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﻡ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﻔﻬﻡ

 ﺃﺴﺴﻪ

 .

  

             ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ

 .

  ﻲ ﻤﻨـﻓﻭ

 ـﺘ

 ﺼﻑ

    ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ

    ﺠﻭل

(Joule)

          ﺩـﻗﻭ، ﺔـﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻜﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻟﺍ لﻐﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ 

   ﺃﺴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤ

      ﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﻜﺎﺭ

ﻨ

  ﻜ،ﻭ

ﻠﻴ

ﻜﻠﻭﺯﻴﻭ،ﻥﻔ

ﺱ

        ﺭﻥـﻘﻟﺍ ﺫـﻨﻤﻭ ، ﻡﻫﺭـﻴﻏﻭ 

 ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻤل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ

 .

  

  

)

1

(

 ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ

–

 ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺑﻒ

  

  

)

1.1

(

-

 

 ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ

Dimensions, Units & Symbols

  

          ﻟﻜل ﻋﻠﻡ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﺹ ﺒﻪ

 .

     ﺎـﻤ ﹰﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ

           ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ،ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ

 .

 ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍ

   ﺄﻥـﻓ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻟ

               ﻭﺍﺹـﺨ ﻭﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻟﻻﺩﻠﻟ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻡﻠﻋ لﻜﻟ

(Properties)

   ﺍﻭ

  ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ

(Units)

  ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ

 .

             ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎﹰ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ

 ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺘﺨﺫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺘﻪ،ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ

.

  

        ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ

 .

   ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺍ

  ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ

 .

            ﺩﺓـﺤﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻤﺯﻟﺍ ﹰﻼﺜﻤﻓ

 .

    ﻡـﻗﺭ لﻭﺩـﺠﻭ

)

1.1

 (

ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ

.

  

  

ﺠﺩﻭل

) 

1.1

 (

ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ

  

 ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ

)

ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ

(

  

ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ

  

ﺍﻻﺴﻡ

  

ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻱ

  

ﺍﻻﺴﻡ

  

ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻱ

  

 ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ

SI

  

ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ

  

t

  

ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ

  

s

  

s

  

ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ

  

V

 

ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺭ

  

L

 

10

-3

 m

3

 

ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ

  

m

 

ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ

  

kg

 

kg 

ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ

  

F

 

ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ

  

N

 

kg.m/s

2

 

ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ

  

P

 

ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل

  

Pa

 

N/m

2

 

ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

  

E

 

ﺍﻟﺠﻭل

  

J

 

N.m

 

ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ

  

P

 

ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺕ

  

W

 

J/s

 

ﺍﻟﺸﻐل

  

W

 

ﺍﻟﺠﻭل

  

J

 

N.m

 

ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

  

Q

 

ﺍﻟﺠﻭل

  

J

 

N.m

 

  

)

1.2

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ

International System of Units

  

   ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ

)

1960

 (

         ﺃﻗﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ

 .

 ٍﺒﻌﺩﺌﺫ

    ﻨﺎل ﺘﺒﺎﻋﺎﹰ ﺇﻋﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻬ

    ﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻜﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ

 .

       ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺠﻌﻠﺕ

            ـﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺼﻲ ﺒﺄﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒ

(SI)

 .

     ﺎﻡـﻅﻨ ﻪـﻨﻭﻜﺒ ﻑﺼﺘﻴ

  

)

2

(

 ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺴﺠﻤﺎﹰ

 .

               لـﺜﻤﻴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻤﻜ ﻱﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺔﻤﺴﻗ ﻭﺍ ﺏﺭﻀ لﺼﺎﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡﺠﺴﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻟﺍ

 ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ

  ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ

 .

         ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ

…

 .

ﺍﻟﺦ

 .

   ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ

ﺍﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ

.

  

  

 ﺠﺩﻭل

)

1.2

 (

ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ

  

Units 

 

Quantity 

ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ

 

ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ

 

SI English 

A 

ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ

 

1. 

Length 

 ﺍﻟﻁﻭل

L meter  m 

foot 

ft 

2. 

Mass 

ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ

 

m Kilogram  kg 

Slug 

or 

pound 

Lbm 

3. 

Time 

ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ

 

t second  S  second  sec. 

4. 

Electric current  

ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ

 

I ampere  A  Ampere  A 

5. 

Absolute Temperature  

ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ

 

T Kelvin  K  RanKine 

°R 

6. Amount 

of 

substance 

ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ

 

  

kg-mole 

Pound-mole

 

Lbm-

mole 

7. 

Luminous intensity  

 ﺎﺀﺓــــﻀﻻﺍ ﺓﺩــــﺸ

)

ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻤﻴﺽ

(

 

 candela Cd  Candela  Cd 

B 

ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ 

1. 

Plane angle  

 ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ

 radian Rad Radian Rad 

2. 

Solid angle  

ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻤﺔ

 

 steradian  Sr  Steradian

 

Sr 

  

  

)

3

(

  

 ﺸﻜل

)

1.1

(

-

 ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩ

ﺍﺕ

  

  

)

4

(

    ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ

)

7

 (

           ﻡـﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﺩﺤﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ

)

1.2

 .(

              ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ

                ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﻗ،ﺔﻴﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺘﺸﺘ

 ﺴﻤﺔ

  ﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ،ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻀﻭﻤ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻠﻟ

)

1.1

(

  ﺍﻭ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ،

)

1.3

.(

  

      ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ

(N)

             ﺩـﺤﺍﻭ ﻡﺍﺭـﻏ ﻭﻠﻴﻜ ﺔﻠﺘﻜ لﺠﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ 

(kg)

  ﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ

(m/s

2

)

 .

  ﻭﺓـﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻓ

(N = kg.m/s

2

)

   ﺸﻐلـﻟﺍ ﺓﺩـﺤﻭﻭ ،

(N.m)

 … 

ﺍﻟﺦ

 .

               ﻭلـﺠﻟﺍ لﻐﺸـﻟﺍ ﺓﺩـﺤﻭ ﹰﻼﺜـﻤﻓ ،ﻁﻴﺴـﺒ ﺢﻠﻁﺼـﻤﺒ ﺔﻘﺘﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﺘﺨﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ

  

(J = N.m)

  ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺕ،

(W = J/s)

  ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل

(Pa = N/m

2

)

… 

 .

ﺍﻟﺦ

.

  

  ﺎﻨﻲـﻁﻴﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻠﻗ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻠﻟ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ

(British Units)

 .

  ﺜﻼﹰـﻤﻓ

ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟ

 ﻨﻅﺎﻡ

(Pound – mass)

  ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ

(Lbm)

  ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ

(SI)

   ﺭﺍﻡـﻏ ﻭـﻠﻴﻜﻟﺍ 

 ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ

(Kilogram – mass)

  ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻩ،

(kg.m)

 .

   ﺩـﻨﻭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻭـﻫ ﻲﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺎﻤﺍ

 ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻠﻲ

(Pound – Force)

  ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻩ

(Lbf)

 .

 ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ

(SI)

  ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ

(N)

  ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻭ 

 ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل

)

1.3

.(

  

 ﺍﻥ ﻭﺤ

     ﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ

(SI)

           ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل،ﻲﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻜ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﺎﻘﻴ 

)

1.2

(

  ،

)

1.3

 (

      ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻥ

 .

  ﻭﺠﺩﻭل

)

1.4

 (

     ﺩﺍﺕـﺤﻭﻟﺍ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ

ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ

 .

                ﺩﻭلـﺠ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺒﻤﻟﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﺭﺨﻵ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ

)

1.5

(،

 ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺘﺭﺩ ﻻﺤﻘﺎﹰ

.

  

  

)

5

(

  

 ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ

)

1.3

 (

ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ

  

Quantity 

ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ

 

ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ

Dimensions

Units 

  

 

SI 

English 

Area 

ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ

 

A L

2

 

m

2

 ft

2

 

Volume 

ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ

 

V L

3

 

m

3

 ft

3

 

Velocity 

ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ

 

C L/t 

m/s 

ft/sec. 

Acceleration 

ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل

 

a L/t

2

 m/s

2

 ft/sec

2

 

Angular Velocity  

ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ

 

ω 

t

-1

 

s

-1

 sec

-1

 

Force 

ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ

 

F m.L/t

2

 

kg.m/s

2

 

= N (newton)

slug.ft/sec

2

 

= Lb (pound) 

Density 

ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ

 

ρ m/L

3

 kg/m

3

 Slug/ft

3

 

Specific weight 

ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ

 

 m/L

2

t

2

 N/m

3

 Lb/ft

3

 

Frequency 

 ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ

ƒ t

-1

 

s

-1

 Sec

-1

 

Pressure 

ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ

 

P m/Lt

2

 

N/m

2

 

= Pa (pascal) 

Lb/ft

2

 

Energy, Work, Torque  

 ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ،لﻐﺸﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ

 

E 

W 

T 

mL

2

/t

2

 

N.m = J 

(Joule)  

Ft.Lb 

Heat rate, Power  

 ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ،ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ

 

•

Q

 

mL

2

/t

3

 

J/s 

= W (watt) 

Btu/sec. 

Mass Flux 

 ﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻜﺘﻠﻲ

•

m

 

m/t kg/s 

Slug/sec. 

Flow rate 

ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ

 

•

V

 

L

3

/t m

3

/s Ft

3

/sec. 

Specific heat 

ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ

 

C L

2

/t

2

.T J/kg.K Btu/slug.

°R 

  

  

)

6

(

 ﺠﺩﻭل

)

1.4

 (

ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ

  

  

ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ

  

ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ

  

ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ

  

ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ

  

 ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺤﺼﺎﻨﻴﺔ

 

 

Horse-Power

  

h.p

  

British-Thermal Unit

 

ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ

  

Btu

  

  ﺍﻻﻨﺞ

 -

 ﻋﻘﺩﺓ

 

 

Inch

  

in

 

  ﺴﻌﺭﺓ

 

 

Calorie

 

Cal

 

  ﻤﻴل ﺍﺭﻀﻲ

 

 

Mile Statute 

  

mi

 

 ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ

 

 

Foot

  

Ft

 

  ﻤﻴل ﺒﺤﺭﻱ

-

ﻋﻘﺩﺓ

 

 

Mile Nautical

  

nmi

 

Foot-Pound

 

Ft.P 

  ﺍﻭﻨﺱ

 

 

Ounce

  

oz

 

 ﻗﺎﻤﺔ

 

 

Fatham 

  

Fath

 

  

ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ

:

  

Barel

  

 

 

 ﺒﺭﻤﻴل ﻨﻔﻁ ﺍﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل

(159 L)

.

  

Bushel

 

 

 ﻤﻜﻴﺎل ﺴﻌﺘﻪ

(35 L)

.

  

Carat

  

 

 

ﻗﻴﺭﺍﻁ

.

  

Chaldron

   

 ﻤﻜﻴﺎل ﺍﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل

(36.4 L)

.

  

Cord

  

 

 

 ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺏ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل

(128 ft

3

)

.

  

Grain

 

 

 

 ﺤﺒﺔ

)

ﻗﻤﺢ

.(

  

PecK

  

 

 

 ﻤﻜﻴﺎل ﺴﻌﺘﻪ

(9.092 L)

.

  

 

 

 

 

PoundaL (PdL) = Lb.ft/s

2

  

  
  

  

)

7

(

 ﺠﺩﻭل

)

1.5

 (

ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل

  

Units 

to Convert from 

Conversion 

English (E.) 

SI 

E. to SI 

SI to E 

Quantity 

  

multiply 

by 

 

Area in

2

 

ft

2

 

acre 

cm

2

 

m

2

 

ha 

6,452 
0,093 
0,405 

0,1550 

10,76 
2,471 

m

2 

=1550 in

2

 

 

= 10.76 ft

2

 

 = 

1.2 

yd

2

 

 = 

2.471.10

-4

 acres 

 = 

10

-4

 ha 

Length In 

Ft 

Mile 

cm 

m 

km 

2,54 

0,305 
1,609 

0,394 
3,281 
0,622 

m  

=1.05.10

-6

 

ﺴﻨﺔ ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ

 

 = 

5.4.10

-4

 nmi 

 = 

1.1 

yd 

 = 

0.55 

fath 

yd  

= 3 ft 

nmi  

= 1.85 km 

Volume in

3

 

ft

3

 

US gallon 

= 

cm

3

 

m

3

 

m

3

 

L 

16.387 

0.028 
0.004 
3.785 

0.061 
35.32 
264.2 
0,264 

m

3

  

= 10

3

 L=10

6

 cm

3

 

 = 

1.31 

yd

3

 

 

= 4 barely 

L  

=10

3

 cm

3

=dcm

3

 

Br.gal. = 4.546 L 

Mass Lbm 

Slug 

kg 
kg 

0.454 
14.59 

2,205 
0,069 

kg  

= 35.274 Ounce 

 = 

10

-3

 

ﻁﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﻱ

 

Lbm  

= 16 Ounce 

Carat   = 1/24 kg 
Grain   = 0.065 g 

Force Lbf 

Kip(10

3

Lb) 

N 
N 

4,448 

4448 

0,225 N 

  = 

10

5

 Dyn 

 = 

3.6 

Ounce 

Density 

ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ

 

slug/ft

3

 kg/m

3

 515,4 

1,94.10

-3

kg/m

3 

=0.001 g/cm

3 

Density 

ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ

 

Lbf/ft

3

 N/m

3

  0.064 

= 

0.063 

Lbm/ft

3

 

= 0.008 Lbm/US gal. 

WorK, 

Energy, 

Heat 

ft.Lb

f

 

BTU 
BTU 

therm 

J 

kJ 

kWh 
kWh 

1.356 
1.054 

0.0003 

29.3 

0.738 
0.948 

3413 

0.034 

J  

= 0.239 Cal. 

 = 

10

7

 dyn.cm 

 = 

10

7

 Eng. 

 

= 0.102 kg.m 

therm   = 10 Btu 
 

= 105.5 MJ 

Btu  

= 0.252kcaL 

Lb

f

.ft   = 0.138 kg.m 

Power 

h.p 

kw 

0.746 

1.341 

W  

= 0.239 cal/s 

Heat Rate 

ft. Lbf/sec. 

BTU/hour 

W 
W 

1.356 
0.293 

0.738 
3.414 

= 0,057 BTU/min. 
metric h.p. = 0,736 kw 
1Tref = 3kW=12000 BTU 

Flow Rate 

ft

3

/sec 

= 

m

3

/s 

L/s 

0.028 
28.32 

35.32 
0.035 

 

Pressure Lb

f

/in

2

 

Lb

f

/ft

2

 

Foot of H

2

O 

Inches of Hg 

kPa 
kPa 
kPa 
kPa 

 

6.895 
0.048 
2.983 
3.374 

0.145 
20.89 
0.335 
0.296 

kPa  

= 10.2 cm H

2

O 

 

= 4.015 in H

2

O 

 = 

0.75 

cm 

Hg 

 = 

0.01 

atm. 

 = 

10

-2

 bar 

  

)

8

(

Units 

to Convert from 

Conversion 

English (E.) 

SI 

E. to SI 

SI to E 

Quantity 

  

multiply 

by 

 

 = 

7.5 

torr 

Pa  

= 10 dyn/cm

2

 

atm.  

= 76 cm Hg 

 = 

1034 

cm 

H

2

O 

torr  

= mm Hg 

 = 

1/760 

atm. 

kg/cm

2

 = 98100 Pa 

 

≅ 0.1 MN/m

2

 

Velocity ft/sec. 

Mile/hr 

= 

m/s 
m/s 

km/hr 

0.305 
0.447 
1.609 

3.281 
2.237 
0.622 

m/s  

= 3.6 km/h 

 = 

6.2.10

-4

 mi/s 

 

= 1.944 nmi 

Acceleration ft/sec

2

.

 

m/s

2

 0.305 3.281 

 

Temperature 

F

ْ 

 

F

ْ 

ْ

C 

 

 

K 

0.55   

(

ْ

F-

32

) 

 

0.55 

(

ْ

F-460

) 

 

 

1.8

o

C-32

 

 

1.8K-460

 

Torque Lb

f

.ft 

Lb

f

.in 

N.m 
N.m 

1.356 
0.113 

0.738 

8.85 

 

Viscosity, 

Kinematic, 

Viscosity 

Lb

f

.sec/ft

2

 

Ft

2

/sec. 

N.s/m

2

 

m

2

/s 

47.88 
0.093 

0.021 
10.76 

 

C Btu/Lbm.R 

kJ/kg.K 

   

Btu/Lbm.R=4.2 

kJ/kg.K 

µ 

Btu/Lbm kJ/kg 

 

  Btu/Lbm=2.326 

kJ/kg 

υ 

m

3

/kg Ft3/slug   

 m

3

/kg=515.384 ft

3

/slug 

 

  

)

9

(

ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ

  

) 

1.1

(

  

ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ

:

-

  

1Lb

f

 = 4.448N = 4.448×10

-3

kN, 1 in 

)

ﺇﻨﺞ

(  = 2.54 cm = 0.0254m 

h.p = 550 Lb

f

 .ft/s, 1 Lbm = 0.454 kg, 1 bar = 10

5

 N/m

2

 

1kW =kJ / s = kN.m/s,   ,1 ft 

)

ﻗﺩﻡ

(  = 12 in 

ﺤﻭل

:

-

  

1- 

bar 

→ PSI = Lb

f

 / in

2

 

2- 

h.p 

→ kW = kN . m/s 

3- 

KW 

→ h.p 

4- 

ρHg → Lb

m

 / in

3

 

5- 

kW h 

→ kJ 

6- 

kW h 

→ kcal 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

  
  
  
  
  

3

m

3

m

3

3

m

3

Hg

/in

Lb

 

0.49

 

 

in

61023.744

1

 

 

Lb

 

2.2

 

 

13600

 

in

0.0254

1

1

 

 

Lb

 

0.454

1

 

 

13600

 

m

kg

 

13600

 

 

4

=

×

×

=

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎝

⎛

×

×

=

=

ρ

−

2

f

2

f

5

2

2

f

5

2

5

/in

Lb

 

14.5

in

 

1550

Lb

 

0.225

 

10

 

 

in

 

0.0254

1

Lb

 

4.448

1

 

 

10

 

 

m

N

 

10

 

bar 

 

1

1

=

×

=

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎝

⎛

×

=

=

−

s

m

 .

 

kN

 

0.74

 

 

s

m

 

0.0254

 

 

12

 

kN

 

10

 

 

4.448

 

550

 

 

s

ft

 

 

Lb

 

550

 

 

h.p

2

3

-

f

=

×

×

×

×

=

×

×

=

−

s

ft

 

 

Lb

 

737.5

 

ft 

 

0.3048

1

 

 

Lb

 

4.448

1000

 

 

ft/s

 

0.0254

 

12

1

 

 

Lb

 

10

 .

 

4.448

1

 

 

s

m

 .

 

kN

 

 W

k

3

f

f

f

3

-

×

=

×

=

×

×

=

=

−

kJ

 

3600

 

 

3600S

 

 

s

kJ

 

 

h

 

s

kJ

kWh

5

=

×

=

×

=

−

kcal

 

859.845

 

 

4.1868

1

 

3600

 

kJ 

 

3600

 

 

kWh

6

=

×

=

=

−

  

)

10

(

)

1.3

(

-

 

 ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ

Fundamental Concepts & Definitions

  

)

1.3.1

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ

Thermodynamic System

  

 

 

  ﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﻭ

            ﻼﻑـﻐﺒ ﺔـﻁﺎﺤﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺯﻴﺤ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜﻭ ﺓﺩ

(envelope)

   ﺭﺍﺩـﻴ ،

 ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ

 .

    ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ

 .

   ﺒﺱـﻜﻤﺒ ﺭﻭﺼـﺤﻤ ﺯﺎﻐﻜ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ

 ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ

 .

               ﻲـﻓ ﺩﻭـﺠﻭﻤ ﺭـﻴﻏ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻭﻤﺭﺜﻟﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ لﻴﻬﺴﺘﻟ ﻱﺭﻅﻨ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺍ

  ﺃﻱ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ،ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻟﺍ

ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ

.

  

 ﺸﻜل

)

1.3

(

-

 

ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ

  

  

    ﻴﺤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ

(Boundary)

          ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﺱﺒﻜﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺍﻭﻁﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺠﻜ ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ،

   ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل

)

1.3

 .(

               ﺩﺩـﻤﺘ ﻭﺍ ﻁﺎﻐﻀﻨﺍ ﻭﺍ ،ﻭﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺨﺩﻟﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻭﺍ

 ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ،ﺯﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ

.

  

 ﻭﻜل ﻤ

 ﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ

(Surroundings)

    ﻠﻭﻙـﺴ ﻲـﻓ ﺭـﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻪﻟ 

            ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ،ﻪﻌﻤ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﻻ ،ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻟﺍ

 .

    ﻴﻁـﺤﻤﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ

ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻨﻅﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﺁﺨﺭ

.

  

             ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤ

     ﻁـﺴﻭﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻁﻴـﺤ

  ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ

(Surroundings)

            ﺎﻡـﻅﻨﻟﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻟﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻡﻅﻨﻟﺎﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺯﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ 

 .

 ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل

)

1.4

 (

ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ

:

  

 ﺃ

-

   

 ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻕ

)

ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل

 (

Closed System

  

          ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل

        ﺴﻤﻰـﻴ ﻙﻟﺫﻟ ،ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﻱﺃ ،ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻟﺍ

  ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ

 .

     ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

)

  ﺸﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

 (

       ﻜﻐﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻤﻜﺒﺱ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ

ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ

 .

ﺍﻭ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺎﺭ

.

  

  

  

)

11

(

 ﺸﻜل

)

1.4

(

-

 

ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ

  

  

  ﺏ

-

  

ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ

  ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺯﻭل

Isolated System

  

                   ﺄﺜﺭـﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻪـﻨﻭﻜﻟ ،ﹰﺎـﺘﺒﺎﺜ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺄﺒ ﻩﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻻ

ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ

 .

ﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺴﺎﺨﻥ

.

  

  

ـﺠ

-

 

 ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ

Open System

  

         ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ

)

ﺸ

  ﻐل ﺍﻭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

 (

 ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺠﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ

 .

  ﺴﻤﻰـﻴ

               ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠل ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﺘﺹ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ،ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ

 .

 ﺨﻠﻴﻁ

            ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ

 .

  ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ

 ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎ،ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﻭﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻥﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

ﻗﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ

.

  

              ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ

ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻀﺎﻏﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ

.

  

  

ﺩ

-

 ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ

  

 

 

              ﺔـﻴﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺍﺩﻋ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ لﻘﺘﻨﺘ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻲﺘﺎﺒﻴﺩﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻟﺎﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ

 

       ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ

 .

       ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻭ

ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﺜل ﻗﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ

.

  

 

 

            ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ

 .

  ﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ

ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ

 .

 ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ

(Total System)

   ﺩـﻗﻭ ،ﺓﺩـﻘﻌﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﹰﺓﺩﺎﻋ 

       ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺠﺯﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺯﺃﺓ

 .

        ﻲـﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻁﺤﻤ ﻙﻟﺫ لﺎﺜﻤ

  

)

12

(

 ﻏﻼﻑ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ

)

ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ

( 

  

ﻁﺎﻗﺔ

  

ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ

  

)

ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ

(

  

ﻏﻼﻑ ﺨﻴ

ﺎﻟﻲ

  

  

  

 ﻜﺘﻠﺔ

  

 ﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ

  

  

    

  

   

 ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ

  

ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ

  

)

ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ

(

  

    ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ

)

       ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ،ﻥﻴﺒﺭﻭﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ ،لﺠﺭﻤﻟﺍ

 …

ﺍﻟﺦ

 (

   ،ﺔـﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻜ

ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻴﺩﺨل ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫ

ﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻐﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ

 .

  

  

ـﻫ

-

ﻏﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ

 

ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ

.

  

 

 

ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼ ل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ

:

  

  

  

  

  

 

(1). Physical

 

 

ﺍﻟﻔﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ

.*

  

  ﻻﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺄﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ

 .

    ﺎﻥـﻜ ﺍﺫﺄـﻓ
       لـﺜﻤﻴ ﻕﺍﺭـﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻴﻠﺨﻟﺍ

  ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺠﺩ

\

  ﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺢ

 
   ﺭﻙــﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎــﻁﻏﻭ ﺱﺒــﻜﻤﻟﺍ
       لـﺜﻤﺘ ﺔـﻘﻠﻐﻤ ﻲـﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻤﺼﻟﺍﻭ

ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ

.

 

  

  

  

  

  

 
(2) Party Physical and Party 
Immaginary. 

 ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﹰ

 

.*

  

      ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎ
      ﺀﺯـﺠﻟﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ  ﺡﻭﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ  ﻡﺎﻤﺼﻟﺍ  ﻥﺄﻓ

ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ

.

  

  

  

  

  

 

Boundary 

ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ

  

 

(3) Immaginary  

ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ 

.*

  

  لـﺨﺍﺩ ﺀﺍﻭـﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﻴﻤﻜ

 

       ﻓﻨﺘﺨﻴل ﺍﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﻼﻓﺎﹰ،ﺔﻓﺭﻏ
       ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻐﺘ  ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩ  ﻥﻤ  ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻨ  ﻲﻜﻟ
     ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍ  لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ  ﺏﺒﺴﺒ  ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻟﺍ  ﺹﺍﻭﺨ

ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ

.

  

  

  

  

  

  
  

ﻫﻭﺍﺀ

  

ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ

 

  

ﻁﺎﻗﺔ

 

 

ﻤﺎﺌﻊ

  

  

ﻤﺎﺌﻊ

  

  

ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ

 

  

)

13

(

)

1.3.2

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ

Area

 

           ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺤﺎﺼل،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻑﻭﺸﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﺃ

   ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ

 .

 ﻭﺤﺩﺓ

  ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ

)

m

2

(

            ﻭﻥـﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ، ﺱﺒﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻁﺴ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﻁﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ

)

D

 (

    ﺭـﻁﻗ لـﺜﻤﺘ

 ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ

)

A

 (

 ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

)

1

.

1

(

4

D

A

2

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

×

π

=

 

)

1.3.3

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ

)

Volume

(

  

   ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ

)

   ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ

 (

           ﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪـﻤ ﺏﺭـﻀ لـﺼﺎﺤ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﻴﻭ ﺯﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻐﺸﻴﺎﻤ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ ﻭﻫ

   ﻲـﻓ 

ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ

 .

 ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻫﻲ

)

m

3

 (

 ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺭ

)

1 Liter  = 1dm

3  

=10

-3 

m

3

 .(

  ﺩـﻨﻋ ﹰﻼﺜﻤ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﻬﻅﺘﻭ
                ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺱﺒﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻠﻐﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺯﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﺨﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﻙﺭﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺍﻭﻁﺴﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺱﺒﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺍﺯﺇ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ

      ﺘﺤﺭﻜﻪ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﻭﺍﻁ  ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ

 .

   ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ

)

L

 (

     ﺘﻤﺜل ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻭﻁ ﻭﺃﻥ

(ِ

A

 (

   ﻓﺄﻥ،ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ

 ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ

)

V

 (

ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

3

2

m

m

m

)

2

.

1

(

L

A

V

=

×

=

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

×

=

 

                ﺎـﻬﻤﺠﺤ لـﻘﻴ ﻁﻐﻀـﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﺩـﻨﻋﻭ ،ﺎـﻬﻤﺠﺤ ﺩﺍﺩﺯـﻴ ﺓﺩﺎـﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺩـﻤﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ

 .

     ﻭﻋﻲـﻨﻟﺍ ﻡـﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﺎـﻤﺍ

  

) 

 Specific Volume

 (

 ﻓﻬﻭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ

)

m

 (

 ﺭﻤﺯﻩ

)

υ

 (

 ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ

 :

  

)

3

.

1

(

m

V

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

=

υ

 

 ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ

)

Specific Gravity 

 (

ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ

.

  

  

)

1.3.4

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ

Mass Density 

.

  

   ﻫﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ

 .

        ﻀﻐﻁـﻟﺍﻭ  ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺒﺜ ﺝﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ

 .

    ﺼﺎﺭﺍﹰـﺘﺨﺃ ﻰﻤﺴـﺘ

   ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺭﻭ،ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﻟﺎﺒ

)

ρ

 (

 ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ

)

kg/m

3

 .(

 ﻭ،ﻲﻋﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﻘﻤ ﻲﻫ

ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

)

4

.

1

(

1

V

m

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

υ

=

=

ρ

 

                ﺄﻥـﻓ ﺍﺫـﻟ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻻﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﻘﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻻ ﺎﻤﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﺘﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ

ﻴﺔــﺼﺎﺨﺒ ﺕﺴــﻴﻟ ﺔــﻓﺎﺜﻜﻟﺍ

 .

 ﺎﺀــﻤﻟﺍ ﺔــﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﻥﺍ

)

1000kg/m

3

 (

 ﻕــﺒﺌﺯﻟﺍﻭ

)

13600kg/m

3

 .(

 ﻲــﻓﻭ

ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻜﺱ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ

.

  

  

  

)

14

(

)

1.3.5

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ

Velocity

  

 ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ،ﻡﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻁﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺴﺠ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻲﻫ

:

  

1

.

   

  ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ

ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ

 : 

             ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ

ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ

 .

               ﺩﺓـﺤﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻁﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﺒ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻁﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ

ﺯﻤﻥ

 .

   ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ

)

L

 (

     ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ

)

m

 (

  ﻭ

)t

 (

        ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩـﺤﻭﺒ ﻥﻤﺯـﻟﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ

)s

 (

 ﻓﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ

)

C

 (

ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

)

5

.

1

(

s

m

t

L

C

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎝

⎛

=

 

2

.

   

 ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ

 :

                 ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ،ﻯﺭـﺨﺃ ﻰـﻟﺍ ﺔـﻅﺤﻟ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺄﺸﻨﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ
                ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻁﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘﻻ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻁﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ

ﻭ

ﺤ

ﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ

 .

ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ

.

  

  

)

1.3.6

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل

Acceleration

 

 ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ

)

C

 (

ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ

 .

 ﺭﻤﺯﻩ

)

a

 (

 ﻭﻭﺤﺩﺘﻪ

)

m/s

2

 (

ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

)

6

.

1

(

t

L

t

t

C

a

2

t

L

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅⋅

⋅

⋅

=

=

=

 

)

7

.

1

(

t

C

C

a

or

2

1

2
2

aver

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

−

=

 

         ﻭﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ

       ﻭﺍﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ،ﹰﺎﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤ 
      ﺏـﺠﻭﻤ ﺎـﻤﺃ ﻙﻟﺫﻜ ﻭﻫﻭ  ،ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﺱﺎﻘﻴ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻡﻅﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ

      ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ

)

ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ

 (

          ﻨﻘﺹـﺘﻓ ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﻟﺎـﺴ ﺎﻤﺍﻭ ،ﺏﺠﻭﻤﻟﺍ لﻴﺠﻌﺘﻟﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴﻭ

ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ

.

  

  

)

1.3.7

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ

Force

  

 ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌ

                ﺤﻕـﺴﺍ لـﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼ

ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ

 .

      ﻴﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ

))

           ﻁـﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺭﺘﻤﺴﻴ

 ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺠﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﻔﻌل ﻗﻭﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ

((

.

  

      ﺍﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻗﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴ،ﻼﺜﻤﻓ

            ﻕ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻤﺎﻟﻡ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﺓ

ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ

 .

         ﻭﻟﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﺒﺄﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺢ ﺴﺘﺘﺒﺎﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ

 .

    ﻭﺘﻥـﻴﻨ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤﻓ

ﺍﻻﻭل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻜﺎﺘﺎﻟﻲ

:

  

  

)

15

(

))

                 لـﺠﻌﻴ ﻭﺍ ،ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺴﺠ ﻑﻗﻭﻴ ﻭﺍ ،ﻥﻭﻜﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺴﺠ ﻙﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﻴ ﺊﺸ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ 

   ﺍﻭ

ﻴﺒﻁﺄ ﺍﻭ ﻴﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ

((

 .

ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ

:

  

)

1

.(

   

ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟ

ﺸ

ﺩ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺫﺏ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ

.

  

)

2

.(

   

ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ

.

  

)

3

.(

   

ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ

.

  

)

4

.(

   

 ﻗﻭﺓ

  ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻼﺼﻘﻴﻥ،ﻙﺎﻜﺘﺤﻻﺍ

 .

 ﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ

)

F

.(

  

  

)

1.3.8

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺘﻠﺔ

Mass

  

         ﻫﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ

 .

  ﺭﻤﺯﻫﺎ

)

m

 (

   ﻭ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ

)

kg

 .(

  ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻻ

  ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ

 .

          ﻓﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋ

     ﻤﺎﻕ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺠﺒل

  ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ

 .

                 ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ،ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺭﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻤ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻯﺩﻤﺒ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻡﺴﺠﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺱﺎﻘﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ

  ﻗﻭﺓ

)

F

 (

           ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ

)

a

 (

       ﺴﻡـﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﺔﻠﺘﻜ ﻥﺈﻓ

)

m

 (

ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

 

)

8

.

1

(

kg

s

/

m

s

/

m

.

kg

s

/

m

N

a

F

m

2

2

2

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

=

=

⇒

=

 

 ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤ

ﺎ

ﻭﻟ

                ﺫﺍﺘﻲـﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺼـﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻋﺩـﺘ ﺔـﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻠﻟ ﻡﺴﺠ ﺔ

)

Inertia

 .(

        ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ

 .

   ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ

)

SI

 (

    ﻭـﻠﻴﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻠﻟ

 ﻏﺭﺍﻡ

)

kg

(

  ﺩﻴﻭﻡـﻴﺭﻴﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﻭﻁﺴﺍ ﺔﻠﺘﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ،

)

Platinum 

–

aridum

 (

ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ

  ﻓﻲ

)

Severs

 (

ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ

.

  

      ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻜﺭﺍﻡ

)

Megagramme

) (

Mg

 (

     ﺎﻟﻁﻥـﺒ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﺘﻭ

 ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻥ

)

tonne

) (

t

 (

ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

1Mg=1t=10

3

 kg=10

6

g 

)

1.3.9

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ

Acceleration du to gravity

  

        ﺭﻤﺯﻩ،ﺕﺒﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﻴﺠﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺒﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﺎﺜﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ

)

g

 .(

  ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭ

    ﺓ ﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ

 .

  ﻪـﺘﻤﻴﻗ

       ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ

)

9.88m/s

2

 .(

        ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ

   ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺏ

)

5

 (%

  ﺃﻱ

)

9.78m/s

2

 (

   ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﻭ

)

9.832m/s

2

.(

  ﻴﻥـﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ

 .

    ﻪـﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻥـﻜﻟ

ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺘﻤﺎ

ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ

.

  

                      ﺔـﻴﺒﺫﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺓﻭـﻘﺒ ﺽﺭﻻﺍ ﺯـﻜﺭﻤ ﻭـﺤﻨ ﺏﺫـﺠﻴ ،ﻥﻴـﻌﻤ ﻉﺎـﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻡﺴـﺠ ﻁﻘﺴـﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ

  

)

Force Gravity

 .(

  ﺴﺎﻭﻱـﻴ ﻡﻅﺘﻨﻤ لﻴﺠﻌﺘﺒ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﺘ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻭﻜﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻋﺭﺴ ﺃﺩﺒﺘﻭ

)

9.81m/s

2

.(

  ﺴﻤﻰـﻴ

  

)

16

(

 ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ

 .

                ﻭﺍﺀـﻬﻟﺍ ﻙﺎـﻜﺘﺤﺃ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ لﺎﻤﻫﺍ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻡﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻠﺘﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﺘ ﻻ ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ

ﺒﺎﻟﺠ

ﺴﻡ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺴﻘﻭﻁﻪ

.

  

     ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﺴﺤﻕ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻨ

ﻭﻨﻪ

          ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ

)

W

 (

   ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﺔ

 ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ

)

m

(

 ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ،

:

  

)

9

.

1

(

g

m

W

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

×

=

 

 

)

1.3.10

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ

Weight

  

          ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻠﻁ

ﻪ

    ﻫﻭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ

 .

    ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺴﻘﻁ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ

     ﻗﻭﺓ ﺠﺫﺏ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻭﺯﻨﻪ

 .

            لـﻤﻌﺘ ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﻡﺴﺠﻠﻟ ﺽﺭﻻﺍ ﺏﺫﺠ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺯﻭﻟﺎﻓ

                ﻲـﻀﺭﻟﺍ لﻴﺠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺏﺫﺠﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻥﺍ ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﺽﺭﻻﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ  ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺎﺒ لﻔﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻴﻟﻭﻗﺎﺸ

)

g

 (

    ﺎـﻤﻠﻜ ﺭـﻴﻐﺘﺘ

               ،ﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﻻﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ

    ﻭﺓـﻗ ﻥﺄﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ

 ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ

)

F

 (

 ﺍﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ

)

W

 (

ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

)

10

.

1

(

N

s

/

m

kg

g

m

W

F

2

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

=

×

⇒

×

=

=

 

  

         ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻪ

 .

       ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻠﺘﻜ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻟﺍ لﺠﺭ ﹰﻼﺜﻤ ﺫﺨﺄﻨﻟ

  ﺍﻻﺭﺽ

)

80kg

 (

   ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ

)

784.8N

=

9.81

×

80

 .(

    ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ

)

80kg

 (

   ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ

ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓ

ﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻻﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻴﺔ

.

  

  

)

1.3.11

(

-

 

 ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ

Momentum

  

                  ﻲـﻫ ﺎـﻤﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺍ لﻤﺎﻜﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﺘﻟ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﺔﻠﻴﻘﺜ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴ

ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ

 .

              ﺴﺭﻋﺔـﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﺭﻴﺴﺘ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺍ ﺢﺒﻜ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻑﺎﻘﻴﻻﻭ

 .

 ﻴﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ

)

ﺍﻻﺜ

ﻘل

 (

 ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺯﺨﻡ

 ﺍﻜﺒﺭ

ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﺨﻑ

.

  

    ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ

 .

            ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻴﻥـﺒ ﻥﺎـﻜﺭﺤﺘﻴ ﺎـﻤﻬﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺎﻤﻬﻟ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺠ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻟﺫﻟ

ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﻅﻬﺭﺍﻥ ﺯﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ

 .

ﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺏ ﻜ

ﺘ

 ﺃﻱ،ﻪﺘﻋﺭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻠ

:

  

)

11

.

1

(

C

m

Mometum

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

×

=

 

)

1.3.12

(

-

 

ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯ

ﺨﻡ

-

ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟ

ﻠ

ﺤﺭﻜﺔ

  

ﻴ

       ﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ

 ))

      ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ

((

 .

   ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ

)

F

 (

 ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ

)

m

 (

 ﻟﻤﺩﺓ

)t

 (

 ﻭﻏﻴﺭﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ

)

C

1

 (

 ﺍﻟﻰ

)

C

2

 (

ﻓﺎﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

)

12

.

1

(

)

C

C

(

m

Momentum

1

2

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

−

=

∆

 

ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺨﻡ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ

:

  

  

)

17

(

)

13

.

1

(

t

)

C

C

(

m

Momentum

1

2

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

−

=

∆

 

ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻭﻴﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ

:

  

)

14

.

1

(

t

)

C

C

(

m

F

1

2

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

−

∝

 

Q

Acceleration 

t

C

C

)

a

(

1

2

−

=

 

)

15

.

1

(

ma

F

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

∝

∴

 

   ـﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟ

)

F

 (

          لـﻴﺠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩـﺤﻭ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﻻ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ  ﺎﻬﻨﺎﺒ

 .

  ﺩﻋﻰـﺘ

   ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ

)

SI

 (

  ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ  ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ

)

N

 .(

           ﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎـﻘﻤ ﺔـﻠﺘﻜ ﺀﺎـﻁﻋﻻ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ

)

1kg

 (

 ﺘﻌﺠﻴﻼﹰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ

)

1m/s

2

 (

ﻟﺫﻟﻙ

:

  

1N=1kg 

× 1m/s

2

 

   ﻓﺄﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ

)

F

 (

         ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻻﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ،ﻥﺘﻭﻴﻨﻟﺎﺒ ،ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ

)

m

(

   ﻴﻼﹰـﺠﻌﺘ ،ﻡﺍﺭﻏﻭﻠﻴﻜﻟﺎﺒ ،

)

a

 (

ـﺒﺎﻟ

)

m/s

2

 (

ﻓﺄﻥ

:

  

)

16

.

1

(

N

s

m

kg

a

m

F

2

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⋅

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎝

⎛

=

×

×

=

 

  

)

18

(

ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﺤ

ﻠﻭﻟﺔ

  

)

1.1

(

  

 ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ

)

0.67mm

(

  

2

2

2

cm

2

.

35

4

)

7

.

6

(

14

.

3

4

D

A

=

×

=

×

π

=

 

)

1.2

(

  

 ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ

)

67mm

 (

 ﻭﻁﻭل ﺸﻭﻁﻪ

)

90mm

 (

ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﻴﺤﻪ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﻁ

.

  

2

2

2

cm

2

.

35

4

)

7

.

6

(

14

.

3

4

D

A

=

×

=

×

π

=

 

3

cm

8

.

316

9

2

.

35

L

A

V

=

×

=

×

=

 

)

1.3

(

  

 ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ

)

Sp

(

 ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻁﻭل،

 ﺍﻟﺸﻭﻁ

 )

200mm

 (

 ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻱ

)

30

 (

ﺸﻭﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ

.

  

s

/

m

6

1

30

2

.

0

t

L

Sp

=

×

=

=

 

)

1.4

(

  

            ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺄﺼﺒﺤﺕ  ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ

)

3000m/min

 (

  ﺒﻌﺩ

)

5

 (

     ﺩﺀـﺒ ﻥـﻤ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺜ

ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ

 .

ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل

.

  

2

s

/

m

10

5

60

/

3000

t

C

a

=

=

=

 

  

)

1.5

(

 

 ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﻌﺠﻴل

)

0.2 m/s

2

(

  ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ

)

0.04kg

.(

  

N

008

.

0

2

.

0

04

.

0

a

m

F

=

×

=

×

=

 

)

1.6

(

  

 ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ

)

180N

 (

 ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ

)

9.81 m/s

2

(

  

kg

35

.

18

81

.

9

180

g

W

m

=

=

=

 

)

1.7

(

  

   ﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ

ﺍ

        ﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ

)

6

1

( 

  ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ

 .

      ﺨﺹـﺸ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻭـﻫ ﺎﻤ

 ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ

)

60kg

 (

ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ

.

  

N

98

6

81

.

9

60

g

m

W

moon

=

×

=

×

=

 

  

)

19

(

)

1.8

(

  

 ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ

)

2t

 (

 ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ

)

72km/h

 .(

ﺃﺤﺴﺏ ﺯﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ

.

  

s

m

.

kg

40000

3600

10

72

10

2

C

m

Mometum

3

3

=

×

×

×

=

×

=

 

)

1.9

(

  

   ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ

)

2

 (

ﻁﻥ

 .

    ﺘﺘﻌﺠل ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ

)

27km/h

 (

  ﺍﻟﻰ

)

72km/h

 (

   ﻲـﻓ

)

20s

 .(

    ﻭﺓـﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺴـﺤﺍ

 ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ

)

ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ

 .(

ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ

.

 ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل

.

  

kN

250

.

1

20

5

.

7

20

2000

20

2000

t

C

C

m

a

m

F

3600

10

27

3600

10

72

1

2

3

3

=

−

×

=

−

×

=

−

×

=

×

=

×

×

 

ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻭﻋﺔ

m

275

20

2

20

5

.

7

t

2

C

C

)

L

(

2

1

=

×

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎝

⎛

+

=

×

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎝

⎛

+

=

 

kJ

75

.

343

275

25

.

1

L

F

W

=

×

=

×

=

 

kW

187

.

17

20

75

.

343

t

W

P

=

=

=

 

)

1.10

(

  

   ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ

)

1500kg

 (

   ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ

)

90km/h

 .(

  ﺍﺭﻴﺩ ﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺢ

 .

      ﺎﺝـﺘﻨﻻ ﺢﺒﺍﻭـﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﻁﻠﺴ ﺩﻗﻭ

ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻜ

ﺒﺢ

 .

 ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻫﻭ

)

0.8

 .(

 ﺃﺤﺴﺏ

:

  

)

1

 (

 ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ

)

2

 (

 ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻁﺅ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ

)

3

 (

 ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺢ

)

4

 (

ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻗﻑ

.

  

kN

772

.

11

81

.

9

1500

8

.

0

g

m

W

F

)

1

(

=

×

×

=

×

×

µ

=

µ

=

 

)

ma

F

(

m

F

a

)

2

(

=

=

 ﻷﻥ

2

s

/

m

848

.

7

1500

11772 =

=

 

%

80

100

81

.

9

848

.

7

100

g

a

)

3

(

=

×

=

×

=

η

 

 

s

/

m

25

3600

1000

90

C

)

4

(

1

=

×

=

 

0

C

2

=

 ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﻗﻔﺕ

2

s

/

m

484

.

7

a

−

=

 

 ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴل

t

)

C

C

(

m

a

.

m

F

1

2

−

/

=

/

=

 

s

185

.

3

848

.

7

25

0

a

C

C

t

1

2

=

−

−

=

−

=

∴

 

  

)

20

(

) 

1.4

(

-

  ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻱ

Macroscopic & Microscopic Analysis

 

   ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ

)

ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻲ

 (

     ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ

     ﺭﺍﺭﺓـﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻭ ﻡﺠﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺎﻜ

       ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﺎﹰ ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺎﹰ

 .

        ﺭﺍﻕـﺘﺤﺍ ﻙﺭـﺤﻤ ﺔﻨﺍﻭﻁﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﹰﻼﺜﻤ ﺫﺨﺄﻨﻟ

 ﻓﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺄﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻫﻲ،ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻜ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩ

:

  

1

-

 

ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ

 :

            ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺒ

 ﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ

 .

     ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺴﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻡ

 .

          ﻑـﺼﻭﺘ ﺔـﻴﻭﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻡﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﻏﻭ ﻁﻴﻠﺨﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ

.

  

2

-

 

ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ

 :

    ﺎﺩﻡـﻌﻟﺍ ﻁﻭـﺸ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻴ ﻡﺜ ﹰﺍﺩﺠ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺯﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ

 .

   ﺎﺱـﻴﻗ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ

ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﻭﻤﻴﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ

.

  

3

-

 

ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ

 :

   ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ

      ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ

 .

     ﻲـﻤﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ

.

  

4

-

 

 ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

 :

              ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻜﺒﻘﻴﺔ،ﻙﺭﺤﻤﻟﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺩﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ

ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺁﻨﻔﺎﹰ

.

  

ـﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒ

:

  

 ﺃ

 -

   

ﻻ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼ

ﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ

.

  

 ﺏ

 -

  

ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻀﻊ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ

.

  

   ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ

 .

  ﺎـﻤﺍ
               ﺍﺫـﻟ ،ﻡﻭـﻴﻨﺍﺭﻭﻴﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺸﻨﻻﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻜ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﺯﺠﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺫ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻱﺭﻬﺠﻤﻟﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ

ﻴﺴ

     ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ

 .

       ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ

   ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺼﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺘﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻓﺭ

 .

  ﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻴ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺄﻓ ﺍﺫﻟ

ـﺒ

:

  

 ﺃ

 -

   

 ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ،ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻊﻀﻭ

.

  

 ﺏ

 -

  

ﻭﺼﻑ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟ

ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ

 .

  

  

  

)

21

(

)

1.5

(

-

  ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ

Thermodynamic Properties

  

ﺘﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ

:

-

  

1

-

 

                    ،ﺔـﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔـﻟﺎﺤ ﻲـﻓ ﻊﺌﺎـﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻱﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

 ﻜﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ

(P)

 ﻭﺍﻟ

 ﺤﺠﻡ

(V)

  ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ

(T)

 .

ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰ

)

1

(

.

  

2

-

 

 ﺃﻱ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ،ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻟ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ

.

  

                    ﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕـﺤﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴـﺘ ﻥﻴﺘﻴـﺼﺎﺨ ﻥـﻋ لـﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺎـﻤ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﺇ

 ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻭﻤﺭﺜﻟﺍ

 ﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺘﻴﻥ

(Two Property Rule)

 .

   ﺔ ﺃﻱـﻤﻴﻗ ﺩﺎـﺠﻴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺍﺫﻟ

 ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ

)

ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ

 (

  ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ،ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺜﺍﺩﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﻻﺩﺒ

[V = 

∅ (P, T)]

  ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ

      ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ

)

P

  ،

T

 (

       ـ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻓ

(P)

    ـ ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﺍﻟ

(T)

   ﺔـﺘﺒﺎﺜ 

  ﺴﻴﺘٍﺫﺌﺩﻨﻋ

 ﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ

 .

   ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

(P)

           ﻻ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

(T)

 .

   ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ

)

2

(

(dP)

    ﺘﻤﺜل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ

  ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ،ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻐﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻨﺘﻤ

)

1

 (

 ﻭ

)

2

 (

ﻫﻭ

:

  

 
 

  

               ﻴﺔـﺼﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻙﺎـﻨﻫ ﺔـﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔـﻤﻅﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻴﺔﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻭﻤﺭﺜﻟﺍ ﻴﺔﺼﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻀ

ﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ

.

  

1.5.1

  ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ

Independent & dependent Properties  

  

                 ﺭـﻴﻐﺘﻟ ﺎـﻌﺒﺘ ﻁﻐﻀـﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻴﺴﻓ ،ﻪﻗﻭﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺭﺤ ﺱﺒﻜﻤﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻤ ﺯﺎﻏ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﺔﻨﺍﻭﻁﺴﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺃ

              ﺯـﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺯﺎﻏ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺕﻔﻴﻀﺃ ﺍﺫﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﺎﺨ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺎﻓ ﻙﻟﺫﻟ ،لﺎﻘﺜﻻﺍ

   ﺴﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩـﻓ ﻥﺍ

          ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ،ﻪﺘﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ

)

Independent

 (

     ﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔـﻤﻟﺍ ﺹﺍﻭـﺨﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﺃ

ـﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻟ

)

T,P

(

ـ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟ،

)

T,P

.(

  

                                                           

 

)

1

(

           ﺎﻟﺒﻲـﺜﻨﻻﺎﻜ ﹰﺎﻘﺤﻻ ﺎﻫﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﺭﻴﺴ ﻯﺭﺨﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻭﻤﺭﺜ ﺹﺍﻭﺨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ 

(H)

      ﺔـﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺔـﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍﻭ 

(U)

 

  ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻲ

(S)

      ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻭ،

ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ

 .

       ، ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﺹﺍﻭﺨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ
               ﻲﻋﻭـﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﻁﻐﻀﻟﺎﻜ ﺱﺍﻭﺤﻟﺎﺒ ﹰﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨ ﻻ ،ﹰﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﺏﺴﺤﺘ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺭﻴﻏ

 ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺱ،ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻭ

.

  

)

2

(

       ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ

(dP)

      ﻫﻭ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺘﺎﻡ

)

 ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺼ

ﻴﺔ

 (

        لـﻤﺎﻜ ﻭﺍ ﺢﻴﺤـﺼ ﻕﺘﺸـﻤ ﻭﺍ

  

(Exact or Perfect Differential)

.

  

(1.17)

 

.......

    

P

 

-

 

P

 

 

dP

2

1

1

2

∫

=